Character Analysis Of A Raisin Of The Sun Essay

Writing Assignment 4: Character Analysis of â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† The male protagonist of this story is Walter Lee Younger, an African American, who plays the roles of a son, husband, father, and brother. The story is set in a Chicago Southside apartment, â€Å"sometime between World War II and the present [1959]† (Hansberry 919). Walter is physically described as â€Å"a lean, intense young man in his middle thirties, inclined to quick nervous movements and erratic speech habits—and always in his voice there is a quality of indictment† (921). The story begins with Walter’s obsession over an expected $10,000 life insurance check. Although his mother, Lena, is the beneficiary, Walter has plans for the money. Walter works as a white man’s chauffeur and is stifled as a young black man answering to a white man, living in poverty, and trying to create a better life for his family (927). He also desires the respect of being an executive or his own boss (967). Most importantly, Walter is searching for respect and position in his own family. Walter’s family lives in his mother’s home and she is the matriarch of the family. Mama labels herself the â€Å"head of the family† (937). In African American families and generally all families of the time period, the man of the household is dominant. When the check arrives, Lena maintains her sensibility and uses a portion of the money to buy a house in a white neighborhood. She fulfills her dream, as well as the dream of her late husband, toShow MoreRelatedA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1322 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† written by Lorraine Hansberry, she is able to take us to place to see what it was like for an African American family to survive in the mid-twentieth century. The play details how the main characters are going through an evolving social and economic position, as well as the evolving gender roles. Hansberry uses the characterization of Beneatha, Ruth, and Walter in order to show the expectations and assigned gender roles for the characters in the story. In shortRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis902 Words   |  4 PagesGordon: Segregation vs. Southern Pride Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† touches on many issues African Americans faced in the early to mid-twentieth century. One can analyze Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† from many angles, and come away with different meanings. While Michelle Gordon focuses more on segregation and housing discrimination that plagued African Americans on Chicago’s Southside in Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, William Murray emphasizes on Southern Pride and heritage. ThisRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis917 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry the Younger family faces many conflicts. This is mainly because they are living in Chicago in the 1950’s. This was a time where many African Americans were discriminated, which caused the family to have many issues with money, jobs, and family. Two characters from the pay that help influence the plot would be Mama and Ruth. This i s because of the roles they play, their conflicts, and their actions towards other character. Without the roles ofRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1026 Words   |  5 PagesIn A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, one of the featured characters is outgoing and ambitious Beneatha Younger, sister of Walter and daughter of Mama. Beneatha, commonly referred to as Bennie by her family, is an aspiring doctor and currently in medical school. In addition to these desires, she also acquires relationships with Asagai and George Murchinson, two prominent male characters, throughout the course of the play. Although her career choice and relations with these men are completelyRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1592 Words   |  7 Pagesacquisitiveness have always had the ability to turn people into someone they are not. Greed can tear apart families and friendships when a person neglects others for their own benefit. This is depicted perfectly in Lorraine Hansbe rry’s play A Raisin in the Sun which follows the lives of the Youngers, an African-American family living in 1950’s South Side Chicago. The focus is on a man named Walter Younger, who has the difficult decision of choosing between his personal dream and the progression ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beneatha In A Raisin In The Sun1487 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† is a play written by Lorraine Hansberry about the life of an African American family during the era of segregation. The play starts off with the Younger family receiving a 10,000 dollar check from Mr. Younger’s insurance policy. The family argues over what they are going to do with it. Mama wants to buy a house with it, Walter wants to invest in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants to use the money to go to medical school. The contrast of the characters’ personalitiesRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1052 Words   |  5 PagesName Instructor Name Class Date Walter Lee Younger in A Raisin in the Sun Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, tells the story of the Younger family, an African-American family living in poverty in 1950s Chicago. The family patriarch, Walter, is a limousine driver struggling to make ends meet and desperate to find a way to propel his family toward wealth. With his father’s death comes an insurance check for $10,000 and each member of the family has different ideas on what to do withRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis1322 Words   |  6 Pages Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, depicts the lives of the Younger family, an African American family living in the Southside of Chicago during the 1950s. The play takes place in their cramped apartment offering the reader insight into the arguments, discussions, and conversations that take place between the characters. In one scene, Hansberry specifically offers the reader a conversation between Asagai, an influential companion, and Beneatha to show us how disparate the Younger siblingsRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Raisin In The Sun798 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play a Raisin in the Sun, Walter Lee Younger is an African American man who portrays the role of a father, son, and husband. He has a dream to invest the incoming inherence into something that may help his family in the future. Once this idea comes to him it takes over his mind, and he cannot stop thinking about it. It acts as though its a drug, he addicted to talking about it. Also, when it is broug ht up in a conversation and someone disagrees he become very defensive. In addition, he isRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of A Raisin In The Sun1299 Words   |  6 Pagessoul longs for the satisfaction of meeting a goal? The obstacles along the way may cause one trouble, but one still strives for that personal satisfaction of knowing something grand was accomplished. A Raisin In The Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, gives off many aspects of the story’s characters wanting the reward of being able to say, â€Å"I did it†. Beneatha Younger, a passionate, strong-willed woman will do whatever it takes to pursue her dream of attending medical school. Along the way of wanting

Education Is An Integral Part Of Our Lives - 1420 Words

Education is an integral part of our lives. We all seek education in one form or another, and at different levels. The importance of education cannot be stressed enough. Education is knowledge gained and knowledge is power. Education gives us a knowledge of the world around us and changes it into something better. The influence of special education focuses on individualized directions and teaching. Special education has gone from just identifying individuals with disabilities and showing them to the life of schools and interaction with their peers. Today, special education is focused on inclusion and specialized education that meet the needs of individuals whom are physically or mentally disabled. Schools and instruction must be tailored and ordered to meet the variable needs of individual learners. Introduction Over the past decades, the number of students with disabilities being served in the general education classrooms have increases tremendously. One of the major reasons for this enormous increase is due to the adaption of federal laws regarding the education of students with special needs. Prior to the implementation of Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2004), most students with disabilities were being serviced in segregated special education classrooms ( ). Due to the recent impulse towards the inclusive setting, many students with disabilities are finding themselves in the general education classroom amongst their peers. Nationally, as much asShow MoreRelated Paying Attention to Rural Education Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesawareness of problems in the rural system is nonexistent. As teachers, it is our job to be aware of the problems in rural schools, and to possibly find creative solutions to these problems. Most importantly, teachers must be aware of how these p roblems affect our students lives both at home and at school. Because of it’s relatively small place in the entire American education system, the problems of rural education often go overlooked or generalized to fit the problems of urban and suburbanRead MoreShould Christians Take Regarding The Environment And Its Preservation Or Restoration?1257 Words   |  6 Pagesalthough it is secondary to the physical and spiritual well-being of people. Just dominion over creation is part of God’s original purpose for his image bearers (Genesis 1:26-29), and the commandment is reiterated to Noah and his sons after the fall (Genesis 9:1-7), indicating it has not been eradicated by sin. This is a very significant charge to be given by our Creator at the time of our creation! As Christians, we have the responsibility of thinking through all that this commandment entails, especiallyRead MoreEducation is Necessary for Society to Function Essay562 Words   |  3 PagesEducation is a powerful tool that supplies a plethora of information to anyone who is willing to learn. There are many degrees to being an educated person as education begins at birth and ends at death. Without education, society as a whole would seize to exist; the knowledge to invent new drugs to cure different diseases would not be available, new societies would not be built, and technology could not move forward. Education supplies people with the morals, b eliefs, skills, and knowledge thatRead MoreMusic and Its Functions and Roles1625 Words   |  7 Pagesits Functions and Roles Music has always been an integral part of human civilization. It is what binds individuals to their culture, people to their country. From the majestic stories of India to the concert halls of Vienna to the radio station playing mariachi music here in LA, music pervades our lives. Since our beginnings, music has accompanied rituals and ceremonies, and as time passed, began to fill other roles in religion, society, education, and entertainment. Within these different categoriesRead MoreThe Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association1081 Words   |  5 Pagespublic and private schools into their own divisions has been a topic of discussion for years. As a product of 14 years of Catholic education, I was fortunate enough to be able to participate in athletics during my high school career. Many of the teams that we played were public school teams from small communities where athletics were almost more important than an education. Unfortunately, I have witnessed firsthand the anim osity that has surfaced between public and private schools. The PIAA is theRead MoreThe Societal Influences on the Educational Impact of Students731 Words   |  3 PagesThe societal influences on the educational impact of students are numerous. Two of the most important are income inequality and technology Income inequality and the effects on education have been at the heart of a contentious debate. As researcher Sean Reardon of Stanford University, explained recently in The New York Times: â€Å"We have moved from a society in the 1950s and 1960s, in which race was more consequential than family income, to one today in which family income appears more determinativeRead MoreComputer Is The Era Of It Essay966 Words   |  4 Pages Otherwise to complete those tasks manually much more time is required. It can do very big calculations in just a fraction of a second. Moreover it can store huge amount of data in it. We also get information on different aspects using internet on our computer. In mid nineties computers were only used by the government and army because at that time using computer was a complicated task. When the microprocessor was invented, computer gets smaller in size but after DOS and unix it becameRead MoreTechnology Is An Integral Part Of Education845 Words   |  4 PagesIn this present day of rapidly changing technology and transitioning education, our perception of learning and technology in the traditional way has to change. We as educators must adapt and make adjustments in a world that is constantly changing. I believe that technology is an integral part of society and it is here to stay; therefore, it should be an integral part of education. For that reason, schools must introduce the use of technology into learning assignments by any means necessary includingRead MoreThe Study Of Culture By Arnold, M., Raymond William And Attach Them With The Book1665 Words   |  7 Pagessociety and afraid to become like â€Å"all of the adultsà ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ who are mired in a lie. The main character lives in disagreement with the world and wants to find a shelter for him in this world, where he feels needless. Despite the contradictions in his head and loneliness he wants to enclose other children from the â€Å"falling off the cliff â€Å". This book is about a man, who has not succumbed to the system of our world and stereotypes. It is not special, without the use of stilted speech and very easy to readRead MorePersonal Values and Spirituality1379 Words   |  6 Pagesundergraduate education has been from a Christian, catholic school, Convent of Jesus Mary, a congregation established by Mother Claudine Thevnet who wanted to undertake the education of girls in India. It was in school, I first experienced the introduction to Christianity and my family being Hindu resonated a lot of common values being taught at school. Since there was no conflict in my values learnt at school and those at home, these were only dee pened and have become an important part of my personality

Conveyer belt project Essay Example For Students

Conveyer belt project Essay At this tag each element of the project has only been identified, none of them have been time scheduled, cost estimated or placed in a definitive chronological order, making it difficult to identify any significant milestones, Network scheduling refers to the graphical representation of activities that define the sequence to work in a project. It is an important tool used to visualize the chronological order to activities needed to be completed in order to meet the project deliverables and objectives, The project team decided to use Microsoft project to develop the network schedule for the conveyer belt project. However before a network schedule could be produced it was necessary to enter some important information into Microsoft project. Firstly the work calendar had to be customized. It was necessary to ensure that work was only completed from Monday to Friday during an 8 hour work day and that all relevant public holidays which would affect work were accounted for. Below in Figure I is the work calendar in Microsoft project. Following this the project team could enter the estimated duration Of each work package and place them in chronological order. With the conveyer belt project set to begin on the 4th of January 2010, Microsoft reject estimated the project would be complete on the 2nd Of February 2012 and would take a total of 530 days to finish. On the following page in Figure 2 is a gang chart produced by Microsoft project which illustrates the schedule of each activity in the project. It is quite clear that the network of the project isnt very sensitive. Both the gang chart on the previous page and the network diagram at the end of this section show a clear critical path in red. Although there are some activities with only a few days slack, namely the assembly of preproduction models which only has 5 days slack, the remaining activities in the project not on he critical path have 30 or more days slack. It some tooth activities were to delay it isnt very likely that a lot of critical paths would develop since majority of the activities have a reasonable amount to slack. Utilities documentation is easily the most flexible of the activities since it has the largest amount of slack adding up to 1 15 days. Now that the project team had successfully developed a valid network schedule it is more convenient to identify significant milestones in the project. Besides the start and end dates, 4th January 2010 and 2nd February 2012 especially, the project team was able to identify two other milestones listed below: ; Integration First Phase and ; System Hard/Software Test The first phase of integration avgas identified as a milestone since its start date is heavily reliant on so many Other activities. Before integration first phase can even begin, six other activities preceding it must also be completed. In addition to this integration first phase is on the critical path, meaning if there were to be any delays which affected the start date of this activity then there would be a delay in the entire project. In contrary to this the system hard/software test was determined to be a significant milestone because it had so many activities reliant on its successful completion. Four other activities could not start until the system hard/software tests were completed. Similarly to integration first phase, the system hard/software tests also tall on the critical path, thus if there any delays on this activity it will delay the overall project and delay the start of other activities. Whilst creating the network schedule tort the conveyer belt project we have been able to produce two useful graphical representation of the project schedule. Both a gang chart and a network diagram have been included in the report, Both are extremely useful tools to visualize how the project and its activities are scheduled but both are also inherently different. .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 , .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .postImageUrl , .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 , .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712:hover , .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712:visited , .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712:active { border:0!important; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712:active , .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712 .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73e9b33e648e22677da8f39b0eba0712:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts And Humanities Unit EssayThe Gaunt chart is more useful in representing the timing of various tasks which are required to successfully complete the project where as the network diagram is more useful in identifying the various tasks of the project and ordering them in their chronological order. Both charts have their own advantages and disadvantages respectively Below in Table I is a summary of both network schedules advantages and disadvantages.

Solar Eclipse free essay sample

When the sun, the earth, and the moon are in exactly the same or almost the same line (the moon is between the sun and the earth), the suns rays to the earth are partially or completely blocked by the moon. This creates a solar eclipse. It should be noted that since the orbits of the sun and the moon in the sky are not on the same plane but at an angle of about 5Â °, only the sun and the moon are located near the two intersections of the ecliptic and the Baidao respectively. A straight line, producing a solar eclipse. The moon blocked the suns rays and caused shadows on the earth, making it impossible for some regions to receive some or all of the sun. As for how much the observer sees the sun, it depends on where they are located relative to the shadow of the moon. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Eclipse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If observers are in the penumbra (see diagram), they will see a partial eclipse, and those in the shadow area will see that the eclipse of the total solareclipse is a special kind of astronomical phenomenon. When the moon runs to the shadow of the Earth, the moon and the earth will be blocked by the sun because of sunlight. Now we see a missing moon.In other words, the sun, the earth, and the moon at this time happen to be (or almost) in the same straight line, so the light that shines from the sun to the moon will be covered by the earth.In terms of the earth, when the lunar eclipse occurs, the direction of the moon and the moon will be 180 degrees different from each other, so the eclipse must occur in look (ie around the 15th day of the lunar calendar). It should be noted that since the orbits of the Sun and the Moon in the sky (called ecliptic and Baido) are not on the same plane, they have an angle of about 5 degrees, so only the Sun and the Moon are located at the two intersections of the ecliptic and Baidao respectively. Nearby, there is an opportunity to make a straight line, creating an eclipse.

Example Sentences Using the Verb Go for ESL

Example Sentences Using the Verb Go for ESL If English students are going to memorize irregular verb forms, theyll need to include the verb go. This page provides example sentences of the verb go in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Youll notice that there are many tenses where there is no form of go. Test your knowledge with the quiz at the end. Example Sentences Using 'Go' for All Tenses Base Form go / Past Simple went / Past Participle gone / Gerund going Present Simple Peter goes to church on Sundays. Present Simple Passive None Present Continuous We are going shopping soon. Present Continuous Passive None Present Perfect Peter has gone to the bank. Present Perfect Passive None Present Perfect Continuous Susan has been going to classes for three weeks. Past Simple Alexander went to Denver last week. Past Simple Passive None Past Continuous We were going to visit some friends but decided not to go. Past Continuous Passive None Past Perfect They had already gone to the show so we didnt go. Past Perfect Passive None Past Perfect Continuous We had been going to that school for a few weeks when it was chosen as the best school in the city. Future (will) Jennifer will go to the meeting. Future (will) passive None Future (going to) Peter is going to go to the show tonight. Future (going to) passive None Future Continuous We will be going to dinner this time tomorrow. Future Perfect She will have gone to visit her parents by the time you arrive. Future Possibility Jack might go out this weekend. Real Conditional If she goes to the meeting, I will attend. Unreal Conditional If she went to the meeting, I would attend. Past Unreal Conditional If she had gone to the meeting, I would have attended. Present Modal You should go out tonight. Past Modal They might have gone out for the evening. Quiz: Conjugate With Go Use the verb to go to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Peter _____ to the bank.Alexander _____ to Denver last week.They _____ already _____ to the show so we didnt go.Jennifer _____ to the meeting.If she _____ to the meeting, I will attend.We _____ but decided not to go after all.Peter _____ to church on Sundays.Susan _____ to classes for three weeks.Peter _____ to the show tonight.She _____ to visit her parents by the time you arrive. Quiz Answers has gonewenthad gonewill gogoeswere going to gogoeshas been goingis going to gowill have gone

SUNY College at Oswego Admissions and Acceptance Rate

SUNY College at Oswego Admissions and Acceptance Rate SUNY College at Oswego has an acceptance rate of 55 percent. Students with good grades and test scores within or above the ranges listed below have a good shot at being admitted to the school. Check out Oswegos website for information about applying and making a visit to the campus. Applicants will need to submit high school transcripts and scores from the SAT or ACT in order to apply. If you have any additional questions about applying, feel free to get in touch with an admissions counselor. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) SUNY Oswego Acceptance Rate: 55  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Oswego AdmissionTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 500 / 590SAT Math: 510 / 590(what these SAT numbers mean)(SUNY SAT comparison chart)ACT Composite: 22 / 27(what these ACT numbers mean)(SUNY ACT comparison chart) SUNY College at Oswego Description Located on an attractive 690-acre campus on the shore of Lake Ontario in Western New York, SUNY Oswego is not for the student who hates snow. The colleges admissions are selective. High achieving high school students may qualify for full-tuition Presidential Scholarships, and they should also look into Oswegos interdisciplinary Honors Program. SUNY Oswego has an extensive study abroad program. The colleges campus center was recently expanded  and renovated to provide space for supporting the roughly 150 student clubs and organizations. Popular sports at SUNY Oswego include basketball, swimming, cross country, soccer, and track and field. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 8,004  (7,150 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 50 percent male / 50 percent female96  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $7,961 (in-state); $17,811 (out-of-state)Books: $800Room and Board: $13,390Other Expenses: $1,400Total Cost: $23,551 (in-state); $33,401 (out-of-state) SUNY Oswego Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 92  percentLoans: 74 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $6,616Loans: $7,044 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Elementary Education, Marketing, Psychology, Radio and TelevisionWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation, Retention and Transfer Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 81  percentTransfer Out Rate: 28 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 49 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 66 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Cross Country, Basketball, Baseball, Golf, Lacrosse, Hockey, SoccerWomens Sports:  Lacrosse, Soccer, Field Hockey, Lacrosse, Basketball, Swimming Learn About Other SUNY Campuses Albany  |  Alfred State  |  Binghamton  |  Brockport  |  Buffalo  |  Buffalo State  |  Cobleskill  |  Cortland  |  Env. Science/Forestry  |  Farmingdale  |  FIT  |  Fredonia  |  Geneseo  |  Maritime  |  Morrisville  |  New Paltz  |  Old Westbury  |  Oneonta  |  Oswego  |  Plattsburgh  |  Polytechnic  |  Potsdam  |  Purchase  |  Stony Brook If You Like SUNY Oswego, You May Also Like These Schools Syracuse University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIthaca College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlfred University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHobart and William Smith Colleges: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCornell University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCazenovia College: Profile  Hofstra University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMarist College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Chipotle and Five Guys- Competitive strategy Essay

Chipotle and Five Guys- Competitive strategy - Essay Example On the other hand, Chipotle Mexican Grill is quickly growing as a consequence of the same reasons why the best burger chains thrive. It was at some point under McDonald’s ownership but spun off to develop and operate restaurants selling Mexican food that is fast and casual. Five Guys has been stated to conduct no advertising but delivers consistent great customer experiences that has enabled them to develop a word-of-mouth buzz that attracts more customers into their restaurants (Boone and Kurtz 453). Even though Five Guys began as a family-run burger restaurant, it now has more than one thousand franchises all over the US (Motz 65). From the time a customer enters a Five Guys, the intent of the restaurant is clear as it seeks to make the burger the customer will order the best they have ever had. All companies have chances of having a shared passion with their customers and Five Guys seek seeks for burger fanatics through giving free peanuts and sandwich toppings that result in half a million different choices of an ideal meal. Different from other restaurants that operate in the same industry, Five Guys’ kitchen can clearly be seen by its customers so that they can watch their burgers as they are made. Additionally, the stores do not have free zers so that all the burgers can be made from fresh beef. Additionally, has an excellent customer experience through their secret shoppers, which instead of concentrating on its deficiencies, the secret shopper entails amplifying success and ensuring that staff, have excellent exchanges with the customers (Hatten and Coulter 409). This is a result of a company-wide regulation on the creation of fanatic repeat customers, who can download desktop wallpapers or purchase and wear branded Five Guys’ merchandise from the company’s website. This support can be viewed on the bulletin boards in the stores as well as an active Facebook community that

Modernity and Modernism Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modernity and Modernism Analysis - Essay Example The essay "Modernity and Modernism Analysis" investigates modernity and modernism. Modernism refers to the way in which human beings seek to implement an aspect of modernity in everything around them. Modernism was discovered after the First World War. At the time, people knew that there was an aspect of modernity in their lives. They had the opportunity to advance what they needed. After the world war, modernism was mainly used to create strategies and weapon aimed at self-protection. The aspect of modernism led to the creation more modernized weapons and developed more complex war strategies. This is a perfect example of modernism. In an argument by Horvà ¡th modernism does not limit itself in a specific paradigm that it needs to change. In the 18th and 19th centuries, theorists and philosophers created ideas, projects and theories that tend to explain the existence of particular phenomena and how to advance them. Aesthetic refers to the ability of an object to appreciate art or b eauty. Beauty and art can be referred to the aesthetic properties an object. However, aesthetic properties are artificial. They are works that denote art and beauty. In an argument by Greenhalgh art has developed from generation to generation as human beings become more appreciative of nature. The aesthetic properties of creation have developed significantly with the exposure the society to the modern way of doing art. The relationship between art and its aesthetic properties is based on the creativity level.

After high school Essay Example for Free

After high school Essay As we get older, more and more problems begin to form. When we reach our teenage years though, it becomes worse. One problem I think the hardest is for young adults is deciding what we want to do for the rest of our lives when we are so young. You can go to college, military or the working field depending on your preference. When we’re in high school, we have to raise our hand and ask to use the restroom, go to the office to make any phone call no matter how important it may be and have ridiculous dress code rules. You are treated like a child from kindergarten all the way up to senior year and yet they expect you to make the most important decision of your life then. One thing that people do straight out of high school is go directly to the work field. Although its normally in most people’s best interest not to, not everyone is made for college. Unless you are extremely lucky, it has been found that people who didn’t advance to other education after high school make 85% less than those with a college diploma. My brother has a roommate in college and his dad dropped out of college after his first year or two and he makes more money than most people will ever see. His wife doesn’t have to work and his kids have it made when it comes to the materialistic things in life. He owns his own real estate company in Pittsburgh and sells and rents houses to people. He does most of his own work so he doesn’t have to pay people to do it, which is very convenient for him. Although most people do not get as lucky as him, that’s okay for some people because money isn’t everything though. Sometimes it’s better to take time off of school instead of wasting all that money when you don’t even know what you are planning on doing for the rest of your life and going straight to college. There are many reasons why people decide to not go to college, not because they just don’t think that they can do it. Sometimes people have kids before they plan, family problems or even they just can’t get help to pay for it so it holds them back from attending. College is an expensive thing that most people don’t want to pay for. You have years of loans to pay back and for a lot of people; they end up miserable at their jobs after a few years. It is also very hard to get help to pay for you college education. When my cousin tried getting help for college, because she had a full time job and no kids she could get barely any money even though she wasn’t getting any help from her parents. If college still isn’t the right thing for you but you don’t want McDonalds to be your only  definite in for a job, the military is a great option. Although you have to work your butt off for it, the military gives awesome benefits. Of course it’s nothing that the NBA players make, which is ridiculous, but it is still a lot just for being in the military. A player in the NBA averages about $5.15 million per year and all the do is dribble and shoot a basketball for a living where people in the military have to work their tails off every single day to fight for our country and they only get about $70 thousand per year. There is a lot of schooling that they will pay for you so you can still get an education while being in the military. Not only will you get your schooling paid for, but also you can even get paid for going. Also, they have programs like ROTC where you can still train for the military but you are in an actual college getting your education. As well as getting your education paid for, you also get free medical care, financial security and you can retire around 20 years before other people do. If you get all of that stuff paid for, is there even anything left to buy? Food and housing. No worries, in the Army, you receive a regular paycheck and free housing including meals. If you live off of base, you will still receive a housing allowance. Even if the amount of free meals and the checks don’t cover all of the food you want, some restaurants and grocery stores offer military discounts, which will also save a lot of money. My dad owns houses and rent them out to people and the first thing he looks at is what kind of job they have to make sure they can keep up with rent. Last summer there was a guy from the Army that tried to rent of my dad and he told him that the monthly paying isn’t going to be a big deal because he gets checks from the Army specifically for his housing so it is totally free for him. Although college isn’t everyone’s best option, I believe it’s more worth it than working forever at a job that barely gets you by. Colleges can really help you out when you aren’t exactly sure what you want to do. Some even make you take a full year of general education classes just so you are sure that you want to be in that major. Nobody should waste thousands of dollars just to change their mind like 50-70% of college kids end up doing. Also, most colleges have classes that help you transition from high school to college and help get good study habits and things like that. For most kids, what they do for the school like sports, music, theatre and clubs is the most important part of high school. Proceeding to college gives you the opportunity to further  your career in things like that where there are plenty of sports, clubs, different bands and also sororities and fraternities. Although that would be going to college for the wrong reasons, a college education in general expands your knowledge base, makes you more organized and exposes you to a whole new world of learning. There are also so many different types of colleges though. Depending on your preference, you can go to school for a few months or 12 years. There are community colleges, tech schools, four-year schools and also schools that are totally based on what you want to do. At the four-year schools, you have to take a certain amount of general education courses where as a college with a certain amount of month program, all of your classes are dedicated for your major. Every school that you go to has a variety of majors to choose from which also make the college option hard. There are some things that people will never even hear of until they go to college and even then, there are thousands of jobs you can do with most majors that people will probably never even know throughout their entire life. A lot of people don’t realize that a really big benefit of going to both college and the military is the life long friends that you make. Of course you’ll always have your friends from high school, but college and the military both give you the opportunity to start over and make new friends. As you can see, there are benefits to every option you decide to do when you graduate high school. There are also a lot of cons to the option that you decide. It all depends on the person and what they are like. It’s just a very hard decision to make when you are barely old enough to stay outside past 11pm. We are very uneducated about the all the different majors in college and the benefits of or other options if we decided to not go to college. We have only lived about a quarter of our life and we are expected to decide what we want to do for three more quarters of our life. This decision is the one that is going to affect you for the rest of your life and I just don’t think that we are educated enough to make it.

Beth The Pig Humorous Story :: essays research papers

Beth the Pig   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once-upon-a-time, there was a farmer named Phildo, who owned a pig. The pig's name was Beth, and she weighed about twelve hundred pounds. Phildo was very proud of her. Everywhere he went Beth was right there behind him. People passing him along the sidewalk would say good morning and comment on how hippo-like Beth. Phildo would smile and raise his hat good morning. By the time of the spring fair, she weighed in at slightly over one thousand, five hundred pounds. When word spread that there was a pig at the spring fair that weighed one thousand pounds, people came from all over the tri-state area. Someone even gave Phildo a dozen peaches and some Wolfschmidt vodka for the right to sell Beth T-shirts and baseball caps. Wolfschmidt’s and peaches were what Phildo loved. That is, more than women anyway.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crowds gathered in front of her pen. People pointed cameras and flashes at her. On the third day of the fair, a television crew came down to do a story for the five o'clock news. Phildo couldn't have been happier. Even after the fair was over, and Beth was in her own pen, the people still drove up every morning to see Beth and have their picture taken with her. Every day she seemed to get bigger and bigger. News crews camped outside Phildo house so they could give up to the minute coverage on the ever-growing pig. One of the news crews arranged to have a scale brought down so they could weigh her. One day a group of government officials came by to see the pig. They took blood samples, soil samples, and even air samples. They asked Phildo all sorts of questions. How old was she? Why was her head so big? Who did she eat? Phildo answered, â€Å"I grave not to answer these questions, just give me my vodka and get out of my face!† The next day the government officials declared the area of Phildo farm to be off limits to the public. The crowds were restrained at the entrance to the driveway. There were scientists all over the farm taking measurements, while men in dark suits with sunglasses sat in the kitchen asking Phildo the same questions over and over, and asking if there was something, that explain this tremendous growth of fat Beth the pig. Helicopters landed from time to time, and people with walkie-talkies got out and gave orders to the other anonymous government officials.

Examples of Good an Bad Essays

Student Essays Going for the Look |On-Demand Writing Assignment | |You will have 45 minutes to plan and write an essay on the topic assigned below. Before you begin writing, read the passage carefully and plan| |what you will say. Explain Cohen’s argument and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with his analysis. Support your position, | |providing reasons and examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.Your essay should be as well-organized and carefully | |written as you can make it. | |â€Å"Retailers defend the approach to hiring based on image as necessary and smart, and industry experts see the point. ‘In today’s competitive | |retail environment, the methods have changed for capturing the consumer’s awareness of your brand,’ said Marshal Cohen, a senior industry | |analyst with the NPD Group, a market research firm. ‘Being able to find a brand enhancer, or what I call a walking billboard, is critical. |Itâ €™s really important to create an environment that’s enticing to the community, particularly with the younger, fashionable market. A guy | |wants to go hang out in a store where he can see good-looking gals. ’† | |Explain Cohen’s argument and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with his analysis. Support your position, providing reasons and| |examples from your own experience, observations, or reading. | The sample student essays that follow reflect the EPT Scoring Guide’s criteria.Sample student essay with a score of 6: Portable Posters In today’s society, marketing is being taken to new heights. Not only do companies spend a majority of their money on advertising, they also use their employees as portable posters. If employees are supposed to be â€Å"walking billboards,† then most people would agree that not everyone will be eligible for that particular position. Discrimination is defined as showing favor unjustly. What some corporations are doing today is clearly unjust. People cannot control their appearance completely.Therefore, I must agree with Steven Greenhouse, the author of â€Å"Going for the Look, but Risking Discrimination. † Mr. Greenhouse has clearly shown in his article that only hiring certain people that â€Å"look great,† is definitely discrimination and should not occur. That is why I disagree with Mr. Cohen’s analysis. It is a known fact that one cannot sell everything by appearance alone. Mr. Cohen is a senior industry analyst with the NPD Group, a market research firm. He said, â€Å"Retailers defend the approach to hiring based on image as necessary and smart, and the industry experts see the point. I thought that people were supposed to be hired based on their ability. In fact, Stephen J. Roppolo, a New Orleans lawyer who represents many hotels and restaurants, said â€Å"I tell employers that their main focus needs to be hiring somebody who can g et the job done. † Hiring for looks must be fairly risky from a legal standpoint because even lawyers that represent the businesses are saying that they should hire based on merit so that they do not get into trouble with the law. I have seen some first hand examples of questionable hiring practices.Many of the restaurants near my home are excellent examples of hiring based on appearance. At the restaurants, I have noticed that the servers are usually Caucasian and that the bus-boys and chefs tend to be Mexican-Americans. I have also noticed that the Chinese restaurants in my area only have Asian-Americans as waiters and waitresses. I thought that America was on the way to becoming a place full of equal opportunity. Apparently, we are taking a step back, instead of moving forward. Is hiring based on how attractive people are illegal?No, there is not a specific law saying that businesses cannot. Just because it is not illegal does not mean that it should be done. I feel that Mr . Cohen’s analysis is not correct. If a company had an extremely innovative and sought after product due to its wide range of uses and quality, the company would not need to stoop to such discriminatory hiring practices. The product would simply sell itself. After all, every company would love to get by without spending one dime on advertising. Imagine a world where everyone was hired based on merit.Productivity would increase everywhere because people would be doing what they are best at instead of just standing around and â€Å"looking great. † Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guide’s criteria for a score of 6. The superior response indicates that the writer is very well-prepared to handle college-level reading and writing. †¢ The writer understands and focuses clearly on the topic raised by the quotation in the thesis, â€Å"†¦ only hiring certain people that ‘look great,’ is definitely discrimination and should not oc cur. † †¢ The summary of Cohen’s argument is clear and accurate, and the paraphrasing is effective. The writer analyzes the issue of hiring for looks thoughtfully and has developed an insightful response focused on the legal implications of the practice. †¢ The essay is coherently organized and developed with a body paragraph of analysis and a paragraph citing the example of hiring on the basis of appearance in ethnic restaurants, which extends the response beyond that which is provided in the reading passage. The conclusion makes a strong case for hiring on the basis of merit. †¢ The writer demonstrates a strong command of language and syntactic variety, alternating fluent, longer sentences with short sentences to make a point. The essay is virtually error-free and reflects the writer’s command of the conventions of incorporating the words and ideas of others into the writer’s response to an argument. Sample student essay with a score of 5: Discrimination Vs Wealth One of the biggest problems causing separation in today’s society is discrimination based on looks. Our morality is constantly decreasing due to greed and selfishness. At one point in time we focused on the well being of every human being no matter their race, color or gender; looks meant nothing while love and friendships meant everything.On the contrary to Marshal Cohen’s statement that a â€Å"brand enhancer† or a â€Å"walking bill board† is critical, hiring people based on looks is not morally correct, and morality should be held above money and reputation. Hiring by looks can cause numerous amounts of issues, both at the governmental level and the emotional level. As Olophius Perry stated in the article, Going for the Look but Risking Discrimination, â€Å"If you’re hiring by looks, then you can run into problems of race discrimination, national origin discrimination, gender discrimination, age discrimination, and e ven disability discrimination. (Greenhouse 1). Our country specifically was founded on equality and equal opportunity for all. When businesses start hiring based on looks and/or gender, our country’s morals begin to slip slowly through Uncle Sam’s fingers. Discrimination of any sort may also cause a person great emotional damage. Perhaps a hard working, well-kept, person was turned away from a job because of his or her un-attractive face, that person could be so hurt that they commit suicide; while one person gets richer because of this life changing decision they made, another person’s sanity is lost.This type of discrimination is not worth the pain and suffering of one human being in return for fame and money. Young men and women are used as sex symbols in today’s twisted society. Many companies will hire young attractive women based on their beauty with the intention of giving men something to look at as well as giving them an incentive to come into th eir store. As Marshal Cohen replied, â€Å"A guy wants to go hang out in a store where he can see good looking gals† (Greenhouse 3) shows that companies hire these girls only to bring in more profits by using them as an object, rather than a person, that men can drool over.What kind of messages are we sending to our future generations? Is it that girls must learn that they will not receive respect and that they need to weigh 110 pounds with big lips in order to be successful in life? Pressures are enormously overwhelming on today’s young adults to look â€Å"perfect† in society’s eyes. The pressures build up and eventually lead to up to unhealthy alternatives to being skinny, becoming â€Å"built†, or having the exact look being sought. While our society may look better if we allow companies to hire by looks, it is also increasingly becoming unhealthy.In conclusion, hiring based on looks solely to raise profits is ethically and morally wrong. This idea will eventually bring our morality to an end. Health rates will drop and human sanity will continue to be taken away. In order to save our society and its morals, we should ban discrimination, or as some would call it hiring based on looks. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guide’s criteria for a score of 5. The clear competence of the essay indicates that this writer is quite ready to handle college-level reading and writing. The writer understands the topic and accurately summarizes Cohen’s position, using his phrases â€Å"brand enhancer† and â€Å"walking bill board. † The essay’s thesis is clear, but the writer could have sharpened it by refraining from presenting it as a three-part divided thesis. †¢ The essay reflects the writer’s understanding of some of the complexity of the issue. The analysis of the impact of the practice of â€Å"hiring for the look† on young adults’ self-image is thoughtfu l and adds depth, but the assertion that it causes insanity and suicides is unsubstantiated. The essay is well-organized and coherent, with the writer focusing on the legal implications of hiring on the basis of looks in the first body paragraph and the individual implications in the second. Each paragraph is thoroughly developed, and the conclusion presents a strong recommendation. †¢ The essay displays some syntactic variety and facility, with occasional lapses in word choice and sentence construction. †¢ The essay has scattered errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics (e. g. , â€Å"numerous amounts of issues,† â€Å"using them as an object, rather than a person, that men can drool over†). Sample student essay with a score of 4:Beauty = Money Marshall Cohen’s argument is basically that beautiful women sell, and I strongly agree. It’s true that guys want to hang out in places where there are beautiful women. It’s also true that these wom en represent an image and that if that image is pleasing to the eye then other women will want to emulate it. Being a guy, I know the power women have over us as a gender; especially the good looking ones. The fact is that businesses know this and exploit it. Last year alone I must have spent a good 300 dollars because a cute girl would ask me to donate to the charity, or that I looked good in a pair of pants she wanted me to buy.Also, it’s how most guys decide on things. Take for instance if there were two restaurants that served similar food. We would almost always end up going to the one with the good looking waitresses. Guys are suckers for cute girls and will spend great amounts of time and money just to the around them. However, men aren’t nearly as bad as women. When the average girl sees a super model or Britney Spears wearing Abercrombie and Fitch they think the key to being beautiful and popular is to match their wardrobes. They feel that if they dress like t heir idols they’ll be more important in the public eye.I have a friend that buys every outfit she sees Mandy Moore wear on television. It’s already cost her over a thousand dollars, but she doesn’t mind just as long as people make her feel important. In the end using beautiful people to advertise your product translates to one thing: money. The equation is simple, the better the girl looks the more money you make, and as long as the public sees beauty as only skin deep this will always be true. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guide’s criteria for a score of 4.This adequate response to the topic suggests that the writer should be able to handle college-level reading and writing. †¢ The writer demonstrates a generally accurate but somewhat simplistic understanding of the passage, summarizing it as â€Å"beautiful women sell. † The writer accepts this argument on the basis of his own experience and develops his response accordin gly. †¢ The essay maintains a clear focus on the point. It is organized around the assertion that both men and women are attracted to businesses that â€Å"hire for the look. † However, it never acknowledges the legal or moral counter-arguments to this position. The personal examples support the writer’s position and are developed in some detail, but the essay would have been strengthened by more analysis of the issues. †¢ The language is fluent and often colloquial (â€Å"Guys are suckers for cute girls†), in keeping with the writer’s personal approach to the topic. However, some sentences are not formed correctly (e. g. , â€Å" . . . because a cute girl would ask me to donate to the charity, or that I looked good†¦. †; â€Å"Take for instance if there were two restaurants that served similar food. †) †¢ The essay generally demonstrates control of grammar, usage, and mechanics.Sample student essay with a score of 3: Goi ng For the Look There are three types of people in the world when it comes to style. There are the fashionable, who care what they look like and what other people think. There are the unfashionable, who think they are fashionable but do not run with the trend. Then there are the people in between. They could care less what others think. To try to get people to buy their products, a producer will look at all three types of people and chose the one that best fits the product. So the Gap would choose someone who looks good in their product.There are certain clothes that fit certain bodies certain ways. People do not want to see a fat, ugly person in tight pants and a short shirt. A place like Hot Topic wants to draw in a punk rocker crowed so they will hire people that look as if they are punk rockers. These people will have many piercings and tattoos that are visible to the public. Only certain people do not think that that stuff is not attractive and Hot Topic wants to bring them int o the store. Thrift stores and hand me down stores would hire the last type of person. People who shop at those stores do not care what they look like or cannot afford to shop anywhere else.These people cannot choose what the person selling their clothes looks like. In conclusion, there are three types of people in the fashion industry. Some are shoe-ins for certain jobs just from what they look like. Others cannot get those jobs if they tried. Cohen’s statement is correct. Now a day people hire for looks not skill. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guide’s criteria for a score of 3. Although the essay suggests a developing competence, it is flawed in significant ways that suggest the writer’s need for additional practice before being ready to succeed in college-level reading and writing. The writer does not explain Cohen’s argument, instead writing an essay about style. †¢ The thesis, â€Å"There are three types of people in the wor ld when it comes to style,† does not focus on the issue of â€Å"hiring for the look. † The writer addresses the issue in the body of the essay by saying that Gap and Hot Topic hire people who look good in the company’s clothes, while thrift stores have no choice in who they hire; however, the writer directly addresses Cohen’s argument only in the final sentences. †¢ The body paragraphs are series of assertions that lack effective transitions. Most of the sentences lack variety (e. g. , the series of â€Å"There are . . . † sentences in the introduction), and word choice is imprecise (â€Å"that stuff†). †¢ The essay has an accumulation of errors, especially in spelling and punctuation. Sample student essay with a score of 2: Going for the Look Cohen’s argument expresses his oppions and his only the may not matter in the sites of other people. I don’t agree or disagree with his argument. I hold this position because of three reasons, for starters is the retailers choice who he or she wants to hire not his.And for there businesses to expand and to grow then they must hire whoever appeals to the consumer. Last his argument may or may not be true and tell complete truth, so I’m not going to base my facts or opions on him because sometimes you should keep them to your self. As I Said before it is the retailers choice who they want to hire and if you must ensist on talking bad about these people then you must have problems with yourself maybe your jellous, just because your not in the positon to hire whoever you want doesn’t mean the people that do make those choices wheather they are right or wrong.The retailers must hire the right personel to appeal to the consumer if that means only hireing whites, just blacks or purple, green, yellow it does not matter because that is what they have to do to sell there product. My third and final reason is that I don’t really want to agree or disagree baed on the facts that he is giving me are more better things to worry about then I some stores have racial issues that is there business not yours. To conclude Cohen argument expresses his own oppions that might be better kept to himself. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guide’s criteria for a score of 2.The serious flaws here indicate that this writer will need considerable additional practice before being ready to succeed in college-level reading and writing. †¢ The writer demonstrates a basic understanding of the passage but is unable to respond meaningfully to the topic, instead resorting to a personal attack on Cohen. †¢ The writer fails to respond to Cohen’s argument with a focused thesis. The sentence â€Å"I don’t agree or disagree with this argument† suggests a failure to understand the need to take a position and provide evidence to support it. †¢ Although the writer attempts three body paragraphs, they are severely underdeveloped. The writer lacks basic control of syntax and vocabulary. †¢ The writer has serious and persistent errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics that severely interfere with meaning. In particular, the sentence boundary errors and serious spelling errors obscure the meaning. Sample student essay with a score of 1: Their many methods of hiring people. Many markets know hire just because of the image of a person. In my opinion I agree and disagree to a certain point. Their could be certain stores that have people who have expirence, no experience, and just for the look.When you have a pearson who has experience you could expeted from them to accomplished their job. They would always be on time or even earlier. You would not hear bad comments about that person Their very reasponsible and would not complain about geting their job done Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guide’s criteria for a score of 1. The fundamental deficiencies of thi s essay clearly indicate that the writer needs much additional practice to be ready to succeed at college-level reading and writing. †¢ The writer indicates only a slight understanding of the passage and fails to refer to Cohen’s argument. The essay seems to be about qualifications for jobs, with one qualification being â€Å"the look. † However, the relationship of the thesis to the topic is not clear. The sentence, â€Å"In my opinion I agree and disagree to a certain point† suggests a serious lack of focus. †¢ The essay appears to be incomplete, with the second and third body paragraphs and the conclusion implied by the thesis but unwritten. †¢ The writer lacks basic control of syntax and vocabulary. †¢ The writer has serious and persistent errors in mechanics that severely interfere with meaning. Spelling and verb form errors are pervasive.

The Effect of the Invention of Basketball on American Society

For those who do not consider themselves basketball fans, the sport’s significance may seem irrelevant or of very little. While these people may not think to thank Dr. James Naismith for his invention of the game, we should all thank him for the major contributions he made and paths he paved for this country. Although basketball may be seen as just a sport played for fun and enjoyment, its invention’s impact on Americans was huge, positive, and everlasting. The inventor himself had a very strange and rough road to get to that infamous winter night that the game was created.James Naismith wasn’t born in your ideal view of a basketball setting, but in Canada. Both his mother and father passed away of typhoid fever before he had turned nine years old. James then moved in with his uncle in Springfield, Massachusetts, terribly overwhelmed and distressed. He dropped out of school at the age of fifteen because he saw â€Å"no need in learning more than he already knewà ¢â‚¬  (Hill 9). If Naismith would have actually gone along with this way of thinking, the journey to the invention of basketball could have ended right then and there.In fact, the only reason Naismith ever went to college was that his uncle wanted him to become a minister. He went on to attend Presbyterian College, where the invention was a great case of serendipity. While he was there, there were no sports being played between football and baseball season due to the cold weather. He noticed athletes were bored and as he would later write, he was â€Å"just trying to find a solution to a problem† (Hill 7). This indoor game played with peach baskets soon exploded in popularity and the rest was history.In the mid-1800s a majority, if not all, of American culture was adopted from another country. Baseball was being played, which was derived from the English game of cricket. The sport of lacrosse was learned from the Native Americans. We even cooked like Europeans and dressed li ke them. We, of course, had broken off politically, but we struggled to find difference materialistically. Basketball, however, fostered both pride and identity (Gems). The game was American-made and everyone wanted a part in it. A communal interest was taken and people were proud to call it theirs.The game taught, and still teaches, a great lesson in diversity. Lots of people grew to know the meaning of the word through their experiences with the sport. The term was significant in studying and analyzing other teams’ and players’ basketball approaches, such as the types of plays they ran or just how good they were. More importantly, however, diversity among people was discovered. The sport broadened stereotypes and views of other races. It allowed players to realize that there are no real differences. In the late 1890s, basketball’s very early days, ethnically diverse advocates of the game were very prevalent.Groups like the German Turners, Czech Sokols, and Pol ish Falcons loved the sport and â€Å"acquiesced to the interests of second-generation youths such as basketball† (Gems). Integration saw a huge advancement due to basketball. Teams all across the country were being formed and they would play against each other. Teams in this time were not allowed to be mixed. It was either a white team or an African American team. After a few years, â€Å"in the North, the African American teams proved to be the best† (Gems). This allowed the blacks to feel like, for the first time, they were not completely and utterly below the whites.African Americans found hope and determination through the sport in a time where society was so cruel to them. These players also gave the game something that would change basketball forever. They added a â€Å"style of play that†¦emphasized speed, agility, superior jumping ability and creative ball handling which today are hallmarks of the game that millions of Americans love† (Logan). Due to their capabilities and the racial diversity the sport of basketball quickly saw, African Americans were widely respected and accepted in professional leagues in the North soon after its creation.Also, children learned a lot about racial equality through playing ball in their communities. Although kids in the neighborhood became friends, children of varying races didn’t talk much until they played basketball where â€Å"[children] played basketball together, black and white, without incident† (Kelley). The tension, of course, was not completely gone, but once the games began race was forgotten. Even today the sport brings all kinds of people together in all levels of competition. Women gained a lot as well from this sport. Through playing, women began to feel quality as they reached the same stardom as men who also played.Even early on, â€Å"women’s games were known for having a strong male fan base as well as entire families in attendance† (Milner). I t would have been very rare before this for women to be so supported by men, and the public in the general. Women before Naismith’s time had little to no rights and were very restricted to the things they could do that men also did. Being able to play in professional leagues with men was a very big step for their gaining of equality. Eventually, the WNBA was created, becoming the first professional women’s league of the four major U. S. sports.Many international links were formed through basketball as well. The originally American sport rapidly spread to all parts of the world where the game was loved. Worldwide leagues have since been created, spreading competition, as well as the sport’s popularity. The U. S. however, displayed global dominance in the sport right away. America won the first seven gold medals in Olympic basketball after the sport was added permanently in 1936 (Milner). This case of superiority added even more to America’s sense of pride and identity. Like everything else, basketball is not, by any means, perfect.There are some flaws with the sport that can be seen as very problematic. However, these issues are not in the slightest case unique and would be very hard to eliminate completely. Throughout the basketball world, minors who showcase special talent or potential are often victims of illegal action. Through gambling, recruiting, and scandals, these young athletes are the center of black-market professionalism caused by â€Å"corporate money funneled into amateur sports† (Wetzel introduction). All members involved in these leagues are sucked into the corruption.Teams, coaches, and whole universities are often sucked into the aftermath of a scandal. This puts a bad label on sometimes undeserving participants. The sport, and everything that comes with it, also puts a multitude of pressure on kids. Shoe, companies with high deals to offer, make children feel like they must cooperate in order to have their dreams come true. Teenagers become more focused on the money than the sport they love. These campaigns startle â€Å"college, high school, and even junior high school students with ongoing exploitation† (Wetzel introduction).These campaigns also cause for some major let-downs. Aspiring young players who see these ads and promises of fame and fortune work hard only to have their dreams crushed. Some advocates of this way of viewing the inside of basketball may say that society should be appalled. According to Dan Wetzel, this is â€Å"an important alarm to society that for too long has ignored the dark business behind amateur sports- and what it does to those who play them† (introduction). However, I don’t see this as an overwhelming, shocking issue. Crime like this happens everywhere, and in all sports.There in no way to ensure that this isn’t done. We should focus more on the bright side of this culture Naismith has given us and not pick out the negative s. Those young athletes who do make it symbolize everything that amateur players play for. They look back and admire where they’ve been and how they got to where they are. They are filled with admiration of their hard work, the choices they made, and the chances they took. Aside from personal benefit, the rest of society greatly benefits economically from the sport as a whole. Television ratings and ticket sales let towns and businesses prosper.The amount of events pertaining to the sport is a great device to keep money circulating through cities. Also, the big time stars that certain cities produce often give back to their communities. Charities such as NBA Cares donate to organizations everywhere. This game, this sport, this way of life to some, has so much sentimental value. Basketball teaches so many lifelong lessons that can be applied to anything one does in his or her time. The game â€Å"promotes teamwork, spirit, and helps get children active† (Carlo). These t hree ideas are critical and very behooving in a variety of professions as well as walks of life all across the world.Basketball also teaches people to never give up. Through adversity, you must keep fighting and pushing through to advance and help your team succeed. Quitting never helps, and if one works hard enough, he will reach his peak, much like Naismith learned. Another great thing this game gives us is friendship. Adults everywhere share camaraderie with one another based on friendships from high school or college which all began on a basketball court. In the words of former NBA player and United States congressman, Bill Bradley, â€Å"basketball is the gift that never stops giving. The game is full of great joy and great memory.Its invention needs to be celebrated. † Basketball remains one of the driving forces behind Americans through its enjoyment and the life lessons that it teaches. We owe a large part of our sense of pride and identity to Dr. James Naismith. His invention over a hundred and twenty years ago made a huge impact on life back then, as it does now. Without him and his creation, many things that many people take for granted would not be able to be enjoyed. Many of the paths he indirectly paved for this country, and its citizens, goes unnoticed. However, this invention changed our culture and society forever.

Creating an Effective Tardy Policy

Creating an Effective Tardy Policy As a teacher, you are sure to face the issue of students who are tardy to class. The most effective way to stop tardies is through the implementation of a school-wide tardy policy that is strictly enforced. While many schools do have this, many more do not. If you are lucky enough to teach in a school with a system that is strictly enforced than congratulations- that is awesome. You will simply need to make sure that you follow through as required by the policy. If you are not quite as lucky, you will need to create a system that is easy to enforce yet effective against tardies. Following are some methods that teachers have used which you might want to consider as you create your own tardy policy. Realize, however, that you must create an effective, enforceable policy or you will eventually be faced with a tardy problem in your classroom. Tardy Cards Tardy Cards are basically cards given to each student with space for a specific number of free tardies. For example, a student might be allowed three per semester. When the student is late, the teacher marks off one of the spots. Once the tardy card is full, then you would follow your own discipline plan or the schools tardy policy (e.g., write a referral, send to detention, etc.). On the other hand, if the student gets through a semester without any tardies, then you would create a reward. For example, you might give this student a homework pass. While this system is most effective when implemented schoolwide, it can be effective for the individual teacher if strictly enforced. On Time Quizzes These are unannounced quizzes that take place as soon as the bell rings. Students who are tardy would receive a zero. They should be very short, typically five questions. If you choose to use these, make sure that your administration allows this. You can choose to have the quizzes count as a single grade over the course of the semester or possibly as extra credit. However, make sure that you announce the system in the very beginning and that you start using them right away. There is a chance that a teacher could start using these to specifically punish one or a few students- not giving them unless those students are tardy. To be fair make sure that you randomly place them on your lesson plan calendar and give them on those days. You can increase the quantity if you find that tardies are becoming more of a problem over the year. Detention for Tardy Students This option makes logical sense- if a student is tardy then they owe you that time. You would want to give your students a certain number of chances (1-3) before instituting this. However, there are some considerations here: Some students might have no transportation other than the school bus. Further, you do have an additional commitment on your part. Finally, realize that some students who are tardy might be those who are not necessarily the best-behaved. You will be required to spend extra time with them after school. Locking Students Out This is not a recommended means for dealing with tardies. You must consider your liability for student safety. If something happens to a student while locked out of your class, it would still be your responsibility. Since in many areas tardies do not excuse students from work, you will have to get them their make-up work which would, in the end, require more of your time. Tardiness is a problem that needs to be dealt with head-on. As a teacher, do not allow students to get by with being tardy early in the year or the problem will escalate. Talk with your fellow teachers and find out what works for them. Each school has a different atmosphere and what works with one group of students might not be as effective with another. Try one of the listed methods or another method and if it is not working do not be afraid to switch. However, just remember that your tardy policy is only as effective as you are in enforcing it.

Create Activity Night Opportunities for Families

Create Activity Night Opportunities for Families While students in grades 7-12 may be testing their independence, parents and caregivers may feel as though they are becoming less necessary. Research shows, however, that even at middle school and high school grade levels, keeping parents in the loop is critical to each students academic success. In the 2002 research review  A New Wave of Evidence: The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement,  Anne T. Henderson and Karen L. Mapp conclude that when parents are involved in their children’s learning both at home and at school, regardless of race/ethnicity, class, or parents’ level of education,  their children do better in school. Several of the recommendations from this report include specific types of involvement including learning-focused involvement activities including the following: Family nights focused on content areas (arts, math, or literacy)Parent-teacher conferences that involve students;Family workshops on planning for college; Family activity nights are organized on a central theme and are offered at school during hours that are favored by (working) parents. At the middle and high school levels, students can fully participate as well in these activity nights by acting as hosts/ hostesses. Depending on the theme for the activity nights, students can demonstrate or teach skills sets. Finally, students can serve as babysitters at the event for parents who need that support in order to attend. In offering these activity nights for middle and high school, consideration should be given to the age and maturity of the students in mind. Involving the middle school and high school students when planning events and activities will give them ownership of an event. Family Content Area Nights Literacy and math nights are features in elementary schools, but at the middle and high school schools, educators can look to feature specific content areas such as social studies, science, the arts or technical subject areas. The nights could feature student work products (EX: art shows, woodcraft demonstrations, culinary tastings, science fair, etc.) or student performance (EX: music, poetry reading, drama). These family nights could be organized and offered school wide as large events or in smaller venues by individual teachers in classrooms. Showcase Curriculum and Planning Nights While much attention has been been on the curriculum revisions taking place nationwide  to align with the Common Core State Standards, individual school district curriculum changes are what parents need to understand in planning academic decisions for their children. Hosting curriculum nights in middle and high school lets parents preview the sequence of study for each academic track offered in the school. A overview of a schools course offerings also  keeps parents in the loop  on  what students will learn (objectives) and how measurements for understanding will be done in both  formative assessments  and in summative assessments. Athletic Program Many parents are interested in a school districts athletic program. A family activity night is an ideal venue to share this information for designing a students academic course load and sports schedule. Coaches and educators at each school can discuss how parents should be aware of the time commitments required of participating in a sport, even at the intra-mural level. Preparation of coursework and attention on GPAs, weighted grades, and class rank given in advance to parents of students who wish to participate in college athletic scholarship programs is important, and this information from athletic directors and guidance counselors can begin as early as 7th grade. Conclusion Parent involvement can be encouraged through family activity nights that offer  information on a variety of relevant topics such as those listed above. Surveys to all stakeholders (educators, students, and parents) can help design these family activity nights in advance as well as provide feedback after participation.  Popular family activity nights can be repeated from year to year.   Regardless of the topic, all stakeholders, share responsibility in preparing preparing students for college and career readiness in the 21st Century. Family activity nights are the ideal venue to share critical information tied to this shared responsibility.

Reflection on semester 2 ( task) 4 manaement skills Essay

Reflection on semester 2 ( task) 4 manaement skills - Essay Example My grades were satisfactory. Apart from preparing myself for business courses, I had for several years been undertaking English classes at several institutions. Now, I am studying business management level 1 at university of surrey. Although my progress in surrey university is not what I am seeking to, I believe that I have the ability to improve my performance in my higher-level classes. Regarding my progress in the university was not because of my ability, it was a result of negligence. I have passed all the courses for last semester with fine grades. I have no doubt that I can improve my performance this semester. I was born in Qatar and I have lived in Doha city. After completing high school, I had taken some English courses in USA in different places as an employee in the Arabian International petroleum Corporation. Then I have worked as Public Relations Officer for three years in same company. In addition, I have worked as Marketing Coordinator for three years but in last year, I joined their subsidiary company, ITAG in Celle Germany. Since I am taking management skills in semester 2 I have taken a self-audit using the different standards, which are given in learning skills profile of pebblebad. This evaluation of my self-audit clarifies many things that help me to improve my learning skills by figuring out my S&W. In addition, give me chance to compare my level between semester one and two. This comparison leads me to keep my strengths and develop my weakness throughout e-learning recourses. During semester 1, my performance was not satisfied enough. I did not contribute very well with my group and I missed one meeting. Although, I can use ulearn quite good I never participated on discussion board. I have the ability to read academic books but I do not read much. However, sometimes I find it difficult to understand some text in specific subject. I am good at researching but what I am

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Humanities - Essay Example Apparently, tale one and tale three exemplify the theme of search for power as characters in the tales strain to achieve power. Tale one’s storyteller was Panfillo. The story reflects back during 400 AD. The hidden message was to criticize the Roman Catholic Church as it was practicing unlawful acts against individuals who had not subscribed to the Roman Catholic religion. The story is about a wicked businessperson named Ser Cepparello, however, most people referred to him as Ciapelleto due to his delinquent behavior. Ciapelleto had travel to Burgundy for business purposes and a favor to his friend Musciatto Franzesi. Unfortunately, Ciapelleto falls ill during his stay at Burgundy. Luckily, the Florentile brothers took and housed him until he recovered. Ciapelleto took advantage of the Florentile brothers and lies to them about his story. Unknowingly, the Friar believed him and revered him as a saint. In the story, the teller explains how people unknowingly upraise the Roman Catholic Church without knowing the evil part of the church (Kuhns, 516). The author expresses the theme of power by delineating how individuals, regardless of their action, strain to achieve power. Ciapelleto represents the Roman Catholic Church. He explains that the Roman Catholic Church is an unjust church as the leaders subject the believers to lies in order to achieve power and authority. Tale three in the Decameron also demonstrates the theme of search for power. The author for tale three was Filomena. Filomena expressed the theme of search for power using the co-existence among the Jews, Medieval, Boccaccio, and the Renaissance authors. Filomena had experienced the relationship levels among the groups (Kuhns, 512). For this reason, he wanted to depict the actual image of the ties. Apparently, most individuals among the groups had little or no information concerning the

Efficiency in a Unit of a District Health Authority Essay

Efficiency in a Unit of a District Health Authority - Essay Example Also, managers will have a hard job ÃŽ ¿f finding out how to improve things. Good communication ensures that people are all aiming and working towards one common goal. By communicating effectively the management can explain objectives and employees have the chance to share their views. There are many ways that managers can communicate with the staff it can be written or verbal. There is a lack ÃŽ ¿f formality with staff and the workplace is ÃŽ ¿f a relaxed atmosphere. There is not a lot ÃŽ ¿f organisational structure evident this is apparent as the dietary department is run by a team and there is no manager, however, there is a senior nurse. Nurses had to help with administrative duties to help clear the backlog. They were doing the job ÃŽ ¿f the receptionist; the receptionist was not carrying out their duties. There are a mixture ÃŽ ¿f views on how the department should be run. It is good to have a mixture ÃŽ ¿f views however this can cause conflict and also shows lack ÃŽ ¿f direction. When employees have different views they will priories differently. With a proper organisation, chart introduced it would help to overcome the informality within the department as it would clearly state the different staff levels and make objectives become unified. Authority will then flow through the hierarchy. Hierarchies can motivate staff. Maslow’s hierarchy ÃŽ ¿f needs show that different things motivate people and that they have needs to be satisfied. Employees must be satisfied to work properly. He also theorized that a person could not recognise or pursue the next higher need in the hierarchy unit her or his recognized need was substantially or completely satisfied, a concept called Prepotency. According to various works of literature on motivation, it suggests that individuals often have problems consistently articulating what they want from a job and this would have been no different in the case ÃŽ ¿f East Neasden’s clinical staff. Therefore, a problem could be that the non- clinical staff such the general manager ignored that these members ÃŽ ¿f staff said that they want, instead of telling them what he ( the new general manager) wants, based on what managers believe most people want under the circumstances.  Ã‚  

Impact of Major Sports Events on the Economy

Impact of Major Sports Events on the Economy Introduction The use of sports markets to explore questions of economic interest has a long history as the majority of this literature analyses US sports, notably American football, basketball, baseball, and ice hockey, whilst there is also a considerable interest in soccer, the leading world sport (For example, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships). Over the past two decades there has been increased competition among cities, regions and countries to host mega sporting events Therefore Government and other proponents of major sporting events usually seek to back up their claims of the event providing an economic boost by commissioning an economic impact statement. For example, Economic Research Associates (1984) study of the Los Angeles Olympics, Humphreys and Plummers (1992) study of the Atlanta Olympics, and KPMG Peat Marwicks (1993) study of the Sydney Olympics. Hosting a sport event has revealed a number of benefits in our communities and of those benefits, some reasons like increasing community visibility, positive psychic income, and enhancing community image are all common and acceptable postulations. Economic impact in sporting events can be defined as the net change in an economy resulting from a sport event and the change is caused by activity involving the acquisition, operation, development, and use of sport facilities and services (Lieber and Alton, 1983)which in turn generate visitors spending, public spending, employment opportunities, and tax revenue. In study of economic impact Expenditures can be categorized as direct, indirect, and induced effects. For example direct expenditure is the investment needed to meet the increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial spectators dollars. Induced effects are the increase in employment and household income that result from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Howard Crompton, 1995). Sports Economics possesses substantial experience in economic consulting to the sports industry, with specific knowledge of the economic impact of facilities, events, and teams so considering the publicity and scrutiny surrounding such studies, it is imperative to select a firm that not only has substantial experience, but also has a reputation for consistently providing an accurate assessment of economic impact. There are following reasons to conduct economic impact studies of sport events and Firstly, because many sport events in our communities were financed by public tax support, economic impact studies continue to be an important public relations tool for city government. Secondly, there is doubt that sporting events may actually help develop a community in relative to its economy therefore, accurate estimates should be proposed and the results should be reported to community members and Thirdly, as sport is not just an entertainment but an industry so the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Finally, positive or negative economic results of sport events may be an important method to determine communities draft budget for the coming year so as an example in July of 2001, Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympic Games so most people assume that such an event will bring enormous economic benefits to the host city not just dur ing the event, but for years afterward. The scale of the organization, facilities and infrastructure required for such a huge undertaking are such that the Games cannot but have substantial economic effects (Sydney 2000 Games, p 2) but what exactly are these economic effects, and how do they affect the quality of life of local residents? The relevance of studies for example, it seems logical that a less developed country will have more to gain from long term growth opportunities. Matheson and Baade (2003) argue, however, that the prospects of mega-sporting events are even worse for developing countries and the opportunity costs of providing state of the art facilities are much higher and lack of modern infrastructure requires significant additional investment. This report examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and proffers the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach to event evaluation. Moreover, the data from the past economic impact studies were used to produce an economic impact forecasting model designed to predict the economic impact attributable to an event prior to it taking place. This Research have been developed by undertaking wider evaluations of some of the events, for example, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships. Beyond the economic impact generated by an event, these wider evaluations have also examined the public profile achieved by the events and looked in particular at the media value associated with television coverage and place marketing effects linked to such coverage. This Report also provides additional analysis which helps to put IPL event into context by: Outlining the generic economic benefits and return on investment to a countrys economy of hosting a major event such as IPL. Profiling IPL and comparing it to other similar international events in respect of the key elements underpinning economic impact. Identifying regional factors and drivers that may affect the economic impact of IPL in different regions Outlining the possible contribution to a Host Nations Government via taxation, as a result of hosting IPL, investment and cost associated with IPL. Literature Review on Economic Impact Studies Precursor The aim of this literature review is to understand direct and indirect impact of major sports events on economy and understand how major sports can open new dimension in economy. This has been done through referring various journals, articles and magazines; also a survey has been carried out as part of primary research to analyze impact of major sports event on Economy; however validation of data collected is subject to sources and prevailing conditions. Final phase of this study on IPL covers analysis of contribution of IPL to Indian economy, It analyze that how IPL has opened a new dimension for Indian economy to grow and attracts domestic and foreign investors. This phase also covers SWOT analysis of IPL, reasons critical to success of IPL and future ahead. Statement of Purpose Previously many research studies have contributed to understand economic impact of sport and/or recreational events; however most studies are based upon the researchers personal perception and arguable methodology. The purpose of this study was to review previous economic impact studies and to construct framework for conducting an economic impact study. This entire theoretical framework has been tested by analyzing a case study of economic Impact of mega sports events like Indian Premier League on Indian economy. Literature Review To study Economic impact of sports is challenging topic in the field of management fields because estimating the economic impact of sporting events and make some constructive statement is very difficult and subjective. Due to the subjective nature of social science, ideas and methodology vary from person to person for conducting economic impact studies. The main barrier behind conducting social science research is based on the level of competitiveness and belief in understanding of the material. and also social objects are hidden behind a screen of pre-constructed discourses which present the worst barrier to scientific investigation, and countless sociologists believe they are talking about the object of study when they are merely relaying the discourse which, in sport as elsewhere, the object produces about itself, whether through its officials, supporters or journalists (Bourdieu, 1999). Therefore, construction of truly scientific objects implies a break with common representation s, which can notably be effected by taking these pre-notions as the object of study so this report examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and proffers the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach to event evaluation. This consolidated piece of research builds on the original Measuring Success in 1999 which was based on the premise that major sports events have the potential to achieve significant economic impacts for the host town, city or area but economic impact is now one of the parameters upon which an events success is measured. Major sports events have the potential to achieve significant economic impacts for the host town, city or area, Countries, who host the mega sports event, should make a roadmap for significant investments in sports venues and other infrastructure. It is generally assumed that the scale of such event and roadmap of the preparation for it will create large and long lasting economic benefits to the host country. This would result in huge economic benefits that would have significant economic impact. However unfortunately these studies are constructed around misapplications of economic theoretical framework that virtually guarantee their projections will be large. Ex-post studies have consistently showed no evidence of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely approaching the estimates in economic impact studies. For example, in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China have put up huge investments in infrastructure and facility recreation to a new level. Th e opportunity for long term economic benefits from the mega sports event like Beijing, critically depend on how well mega sports events related investments in venues and infrastructure can be incorporated into the overall economy in the years following the Games In current scenario economic impact studies have become standard operating procedure for supporters of public funding for sports events. It has led to acceptance of their findings by the government and public due to their prevalence with no critical evaluation. Due to the huge investment involve in such high profile mega sports events, large and positive Economic effects are taken as given; the studies confirm what is already believed. The promise of worldwide exposure and economic gain has made hosting these major and regularly scheduled sporting affairs a lucrative goal for aspiring cities around the world (Short 2000, p. 320). Hosting a mega sport event like Olympic, has exhibited a number of large and long lasting benefits in our communities like enhancing community image, increasing community visibility and positive psychic income are all common and acceptable postulations. However, sport is not just limited to an entertainment, also it act as full fledge industry, the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Positive or negative economic results of sport events may be a critical factor to determine communities draft budget for the coming year. Mega-events such as the Olympic Games require large sums of public money to be spent on venues and infrastructure improvements. Economic impact studies are often commissioned In order to justify the use of large sum of public money towards invariably large inflows of money that will have a long-term positive effect on the economy by such means as job creation and visitor spending. Scale of the mega sports event which attract large amounts of money from outside a local economy, are forecasted to have economic impacts in the billions of dollars The simple elegance of economic impact studies, injections of money circulating over and over in an economy to create a multiplier effect, has an alluring something for-nothing quality that is hard to refute. However to justify a counter argument can be difficult due to numerous mistakes made in economic impact studies. Critics have focused on numerous subjective areas like: 1) using multipliers that are too large, 2) treating costs as benefits, 3) ignoring opportunity costs and 4) using gross spending instead of net changes. In hosting mega sports event the major part of investment required on constructing stadiums, which to a large degree is spent on hiring construction workers and purchasing materials from local suppliers, is counted as a benefit to the local economy. However It is backward looking and the most egregious error in economic impact studies, which looks on production cost benefit of the project and ignores the effect of the actual consumption of the products on economy. Ex-post studies, however, have consistently found no evidence of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely approaching the estimates in economic impact studies. In a study of the impact of Super Bowls on local economies, Philip Porter (1999) found no measurable impact on spending associated with the event. The projected spending and spill over benefits of regional impact models ever materialize (Porter 1999, p. 61) Porters explanation is that capacity constraints in the hotel industry cause room prices to increase with no change in occupancy rates. Higher rates contribute to the crowding out of regular traffic and net spending in areas other than hotel rooms changes little or not at all. Longer term sports programs, usually involving stadium subsidies to attract or keep professional teams, have also failed to deliver on projected economic benefits. Even for cities that usually are considered success stories for sports development strategy, such as Baltimore (Hamilton and Kahn 1997) and Indianapolis (Rosentraub 1994), empirical research does not find evidence of statistically or economically significant positive impacts. Sports economists, on the other hand, have found economic impact studies lacking both in theory and practice. Ex-post studies have consistently failed to find evidence of any economic benefits related to sports teams and facilities. In examining recent retrospective studies, Coates and Humphreys (2003, p. 6) concluded building new sports facilities and attracting new professional sports teams did not raise income per capita or total employment in any US city. A closer look at the methodology of such studies reveals an appealing but fundamentally flawed line of economic reasoning that virtually guarantees a forecast of large economic benefits. The term economic impact analysis refers to rigorous surveys, research, and modeling to estimate the direct and indirect economic effects of an entity or event on the local, county, state, or U.S. economy, as measured by employment, tax revenue, income, or gross product (overall economic output). The impact of an economic event is the summation of direct effects and indirect effects. For example, when a hundred dollars is invested in building a new library in a city, that money (the stimulus) flows through the local economy multiple times as construction supplies are purchased, and as construction workers spend their paychecks at local supermarkets, restaurants, and other retailers, who in turn buy more inventory, and so on. That is, an initial stimulus triggers a chain of spending. This chain of spending is estimated via multipliers. The term economic impact used in isolation can be interpreted in different ways in both the short term and long term. Therefore, in order to be clear what is meant in the context of the sixteen events reviewed in this report, UK Sport has adopted the following definition within its major events strategy: The net economic change in a host community that results from spending attributed to a sports event or facility. Turco Kelsey (1992) The change is caused by activity involving the acquisition, operation, development, and use of sport facilities and services (Lieber Alton, 1983). These in turn generate visitors spending, public spending, employment opportunities, and tax revenue. Specifically, the economic impacts of expenditure are composed of direct, indirect, and induced effects. Direct effects are the purchases needed to meet the increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial spectators dollars. Induced effects are the increase in employment and household income that result from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Howard Crompton, 1995). The initial construction of a $10 million sports facility provides an initial impact of $10 million on the local economy. This is the direct impact. Clearly, the construction of the facility will require concrete, steel, co nstruction workers, and so forth. The money spent on these materials and services comprises the indirect expenditures, or the indirect impacts. (Hefner 1990, pp. 4-5) In high level terms economic impact studies aim to measure the increased economic activity surrounding an event. For sporting events, the key stimulants of activity are the expenditure of spectators, event organisers and other stakeholders, which flow through the local economy to expand total regional and national GDP. The diagram below illustrates the principal components of economic impact. There are three broad areas in which impact will occur, as follows: Core impacts primarily comprising expenditure by, or generated from, international spectators attending sports events from tickets and match day catering; Other direct impacts comprising spending by spectators and other visitors on accommodation, food and beverage, transport and other spending, as well as investment in infrastructure; and Indirect and induced impacts relating to the ripple effect as the direct spending is recycled through the economy. The primary components are indirect impacts, achieved largely by businesses spending on suppliers, and induced impacts, as recipients reinvest money in the economy themselves. In addition, there is also significant expenditure by domestic residents. Domestic spending comprises an important element of the full value of sports event to a Host Nation. Economic impact is based on the theory that a dollar flowing into an economy, that otherwise would not have been spent, is a benefit to the economy. Economic impact studies not only measure economic impact, but are also used to provide information in the decision to publicly fund sports venues or sports commissions/authorities, or to measure the success of events hosted in a local community in generating positive economic outcomes for both the event owners and the locale. Economic impact analysis measures new spending in a local economy due to the presence of, for example, a facility or an event. The change in the economy is measured in terms of total new spending, fiscal impact (total new taxes collected), personal income generated, and jobs created, both directly and indirectly. By increasing the new money in an economy, the economic benefit is serving a greater good by increasing government tax revenue, augmenting business income, and ultimately resulting in more jobs and higher personal income for residents of that economy. In developing the model there are specific regional factors and drivers that will have an influence on the economic impact The diagram below illustrates the key components in determining the potential economic impact : Event Economic Effects/Impacts (Pre-event Post-event phases) Economic growth (GDP) and impact Targeted growth in economic relevant sectors Direct and indirect employment created Direct, indirect and induced impacts (Multipliers Analysis) Economic-social Net Present Value Touristy flows (visitors economy) Olympic legacy (stadia infra-structures) Globalization (Global branding exposure) Sports Economics possesses substantial experience in economic consulting to the sports industry, with specific knowledge of the economic impact of facilities, events, and teams. Considering the publicity and scrutiny surrounding such studies, it is imperative to select a firm that not only has substantial experience, but also has a reputation for consistently providing an accurate assessment of economic impact. Sports Economics methodology is sound and defensible, and we are qualified to and capable of affirming our results to any audience necessary The benefit in economic terms to a host economy is defined according to the additional expenditure by visitors to that economy which is directly attributable to the staging of the event. These visitors can come from elsewhere in the same country or from overseas. If the visitors come from elsewhere in the same country, any economic impact is actually a redistribution of money around that countrys economy and is not necessarily new money to the economy. Visitors from overseas actually provide new money in the form of invisible exports and potentially a net export effect on overall GDP. One might argue that the quality of economic impact can be gauged according to the net export effect associated with an event, namely the extent of any new money brought into the UK economy from overseas visitors (and other sources) as a result of staging an event. However, this may be of little concern to local organisers who do not care whether any additional expenditure is attributable to someone fro m for example the USA or elsewhere in the UK, hence redistribution is not an issue. The main point of note is that only some people are eligible for inclusion in the economic impact calculations i.e. visitors to the host city or area specifically as a result of an event being staged. The remainder live locally and their expenditure would have been made regardless of a specific event taking place, hence such expenditure is termed deadweight and not eligible for inclusion in the calculations. Obtaining a value for the initial impact of a team or event is the first step in any economic impact study. The initial impact is then magnified through the use of a multiplier, based on the idea that money brought into a local economy will be respent over and over, becoming income for others in the economy. In this way a multiplier also magnifies the errors made in calculating initial impact, especially by once again failing to recognize opportunity costs. The multiplier is applied to any new spending in the economy regardless of the source. If the multiplier does not depend on the spending source, then it is useless in the comparison of alternative projects. The multiplier effect accounts for the overall economic impact of a sport event. The multiplier effect demonstrates the process through which initial spending in a region generates further rounds of re-spending within the region. The ripping process of subsequent re-spending is the multiplier effect. The basic principle of the multiplier effect begins with an initial spending as an increased income into an economy. A portion of the increased income is spent and further re-spent within the region (Archer, 1984; Crompton, 1995; Wang, 1997). In summary, there are three elements that contribute to the total impact of visitor spending: Direct impact (the first-round effect of visitor spending), Indirect impact (the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial visitors dollars), and Induced impact, which is further ripple effects caused by employees of impacted business spending some of their salaries and wages in other business in the host community (Howard Crompton, 1995). A variety of multiplier used modeling techniques are available: TEIM (Travel Economic Impact Model), RIMS (Regional Input-output Modeling System) (Donnelly, Vaske, DeRuiter, Loomis, 1998; Wang, 1997), TDSM (Tourism Development Simulation Model) (Donnelly, et al., 1998), RIMS II (Regional Input-output Modeling System, version II) (Wang, 1997), ROI (measuring financial Return On Investment) (Turco Navarro, 1993), and IMPLAN (Impact Analysis for Planning) (Bushnell Hyle, 1985; Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Donnelly, et al., 1998; Howard Crompton, 1995; and Wang, 1997). Of those modeling techniques, IMPLAN is one of popular methods. The IMPLAN model was developed by the U.S. Forest Service and Engineer Economics Associates, Inc. The IMPLAN develops input-output models for all states and counties in the United States. This model was used to estimate the employment, income, and net sales and adopted as the regional impact analysis program-of-choice. Another often-used model is RIMS, whi ch was developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). This model also offers input-output tables down to the country level (Turco Kelsey, 1992). Also, a lot of simple formulas were developed to conduct economic impact study of sport events by local sport commission companies. In addition to the standard projections of economic impact, Olympic studies also include longer term benefits sometimes referred to as the Olympic Legacy. These legacy effects, derived from positive publicity from the Games, include increased tourism after the Games, attraction of business, and infrastructure investments that improve the urban environment. Legacy impacts are generally not incorporated into the economic impact numbers, but rather offered as an additional, unquantifiable benefit. The lack of any ex post study that finds improvements in economic growth or living standards due to mega events should cast some suspicion on the legacy effects of Olympics, or at least the ability of such effects to be transformed into real economic benefits to the local economy. Baade and Matheson (2002) found the evidence suggests that the economic impact of the Olympics is transitory, onetime changes rather than a steady-state change (p. 28). Empirical Analyses of Economic Impact Statements It is one thing to point out bias that could potentially be introduced in impact studies. It is another thing altogether to examine whether actual economic impact studies are, in practice, truly flawed. One tool that can be used to determine the accuracy of economic impact studies is ex post comparisons of predicted economic gains to actual economic performance of cities hosting sporting events. Empirical studies have been conducted on the observed economic impacts of large sporting events as well as on the construction of new sport facilities. On the sport facility side, numerous researchers have examined the relationship between new facilities and economic growth in metropolitan areas (Baade Dye, 1990; Rosentraub, 1994; Baade, 1996; Noll Zimbalist, 1997; Coates Humphreys, 1999). In every case, independent analysis of economic impacts made by newly built stadiums and arenas has uniformly found no statistically significant positive correlation between sport facility construction and economic development (Siegfried Zimbalist, 2000). This stands in stark contrast to the claims of teams and leagues, who assert that the large economic benefits of professional franchises merit considerable public expenditures on stadiums and arenas. On the events side, nearly every national or international sporting event elicits claims of huge benefits accruing to the host city. For example, the National Football League typically claims an economic impact from the Super Bowl of around $400 million (National Football League, 1999), Major League Baseball attaches a $75 million benefit to the All-Star Game (Selig et al., 1999), and the NCAA Final Four in Mens Basketball is estimated to generate from $30 million to $110 million (Mensheha, 1998; Anderson, 2001). Multi-day events such as the Olympics or soccer World Cup produce even larger figures. The pre-Olympics estimates for Atlantas Games in 1996 suggested the event would generate $5.1 billion in direct and indirect economic activity and 77,000 new jobs in Georgia (Humphreys Plummer, 1995). In many cases, variation in the estimates of benefits alone raises questions about the validity of studies. A series of economic impact studies of the NBA All-Star game produced numbers ranging from a $3 million windfall for the 1992 game in Orlando to a $35 million bonanza for the game three years earlier in Houston (Houck, 2000). The ten-fold disparity in the estimated impact of the event in different years serves to illustrate the ad hoc nature of these studies. Similarly, ahead of the 1997 NCAA Womens Basketball Final Four, an economic impact of $7 million was estimated for the local economy in Cincinnati, while the same event two years later was predicted to produce a $32 million impact on the San Jose economy (Knight Ridder News Service, 1999). Such increases cannot be explained by changes in general price levels or growth in the popularity of the tournament. Instead, they are explained by the fact that economic impact studies are highly subjective and vulnerable to significant error as well as manipulation. In further cases, the size of an estimate can strain credulity. The Sports Management Research Institute estimated the direct economic benefit of the U. S. Open tennis tournament in Flushing Meadows, NY, to be $420 million for the tri-state area, more than any other sporting or entertainment event in any city in the United States; this sum represents 3% of the total annual direct economic impact of tourism for New York (United States Tennis Association, 2001). It is simply impossible to believe that 1 in 30 tourists to New York City in any given year are visiting the city solely to attend the U. S. Open. Similarly, the projected $6 billion impact of a proposed World Cup in South Africa in 2006 would suggest that soccer games and their ancillary activities would represent over 4% of the entire gross domestic product of the country in that year (South Africa Football Association, 2000). As in the case of sports facilities, independent work on the economic impact of mega-sporting events has routinely found the effect of these events on host communities to be either insignificant or an order of magnitude less than the figures espoused by the sports promoters. In a study of six Super Bowls dating back to 1979, Porter (1999) found no increase in taxable sales in the host community compared to previous years without the game. Similarly, Baade and Matheson (2000) found that hosting the Super Bowl was associated with an increase in employment in host cities of 537 jobs, for a total impact of approximately $32 million, less than one-tenth the figure trumpeted by the NFL. In a study of 25 Major League Baseball all-star games held between 1973 and 1997, Baade and Matheson (2001) found that, in the case of three all-star games in California (1987, 1989, 1992), the events were correlated with worse-than-expected employment growth in host cities and were furthermore associated w ith an average reduction in taxable sales of nearly $30 million. Finally, Baade and Mathesons examination (1999) of the Olympic Games held in Los Angeles in 1984 and Atlanta in 1996 found total observed increases in economic activity of $100 million and of $440 million to $1.7 billion, respectively. While the range of the economic impact for Atlanta exhibits a great deal of uncertainty, even the most favorable figure is only one-third of the amount claimed by the host committee. Tax impact With its large economic footprint, long duration and significant international visitor numbers, mega sports event delivers substantial tax revenues to a Host Nations government. This section outlines the potential types of tax revenue that can accrue to a sport event host government and an indication of the possible levels of such tax revenue. In summary, the tax revenues to the government of the Host Nation include: Sales t