September Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

From the first-known copyright that was granted in Venice in 1486 to the publishing of the first book on the Gutenberg printing press, September is a historically significant month in many ways, including famous birthdays like  Michael Faraday, the inventor of the electric motor. Whether youre looking for what happened on this day in history or trying to find famous figures who share your September birthday, plenty of great things happened in September. Many of the people and inventions on the list below are science and technology-based, but a few influential pop culture icons have been thrown into the mix, too. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights Explore the patents, trademarks, and copyrights that were granted on each day throughout the month of September to find what famous invention shares your birthday. The candlestick, for instance, was patented on September 8, 1868, by William Hinds while the hand controller video game was patented on September 29, 1998,   September 1 1486: The first known copyright was granted in Venice. September 2 1992: The Southern California Gas Company purchased the first motor vehicles powered by natural gas. September 3 1940: A patent for the production of diuretics was obtained by Bockmuhl, Middendorf, and Fritzsche. September 4 1888:  George Eastman patented the roll film camera for Kodak. September 5 1787: The constitutional clause concerning patents and copyrights was adopted by the Constitutional Convention in 1787. September 6 1988: The Combined Cap and Baseball Mitt Patent Number 4,768,232 was granted. September 7 1948: Patent Number 2,448,908 was granted to Louis Parker for a television receiver. His intercarrier sound system is now used in all television receivers in the world, and without it, TV receivers would not work as well and would be more costly. September 8 1868: William Hinds patented a candlestick.1994: Microsoft gave Windows 95 its new name. Previously, the operating system had been referred to by its code name of Chicago. September 9 1886: Ten countries, not including the U.S., joined the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works. September 10 1891: The song Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-Der-E by Henry J. Sayers was registered.1977: Hamida Djandoubi, a Tunisian immigrant and convicted murderer, became the last person to date executed by the guillotine. September 11 1900: A motor vehicle patent was granted to Francis and Freelan Stanley. September 12 1961: Patent Number 3,000,000 was granted to Kenneth Eldredge for an automatic reading system for utilities. September 13 1870: Patent Number 107,304 was granted to Daniel C. Stillson for the improved monkey wrench. September 14 1993: The Simpsons television show was registered by Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. September 15 1968:  An Wang obtained a patent for a calculating apparatus, a basic component of computer technology. September 16 1857: The words and music to the famous Christmas song Jingle Bells were registered by Oliver Ditson and Company under the title One Horse Open Sleigh. September 17 1918: Elmer Sperry received a patent for the gyrocompass, essential to modern ship navigation. September 18 1915: Louisa May Alcotts book  Little Women (first published October 3, 1868) was registered.1984: Software Arts and VisiCorp settled their lawsuit over VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program. VisiCalc, invented in 1979, was the first hot-selling software product for the personal computer. September 19 1876: Melville Bissell patented a carpet sweeper. September 20 1938: Patent Number 2,130,948 was granted for synthetic fiber (nylon) to Wallace Carothers. September 21 1993: A patent for Baseball Batting Apparatus, Patent Number 5,246,226, was granted. September 22 1992: The Poolside Basketball Game was granted Patent Number 5,149,086. September 23 1930: Johannes Ostermeier was issued a patent for the flash bulb used in photography. September 24 1877: Fire destroyed many models in the Patent Office, but the important records were saved.1852: A new invention, the dirigible or airship, was first demonstrated. September 25 1959: The song Do-Re-Mi from the Sound of Music by Rodger and Hammerstein was registered.1956: The first transatlantic telephone cable went into operation. September 26 1961: The patent for an aerial capsule (satellite) emergency separation device was obtained by Maxime Faget and Andre Meyer. September 27 1977: Anacleto Montero Sanchez received a patent for a hypodermic syringe. September 28 1979: The pilot episode of the TV series M*A*S*H was registered. September 29 1998: A hand controller for a video game was patented as Design Patent Number 398,938. September 30 1997: A roller skate was invented by Hui-Chin from Taiwan and received Patent Number 5,671,931.1452: The first book was published in Johann Gutenbergs printing press: The  Bible. September Birthdays From the birth of Ferdinand Porsche to that of the inventor of the first automobile, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, September is the birth month of many famous scientists, inventors, and artists of all varieties. Find your September birthday twin and discover how their lives works helped change the world. September 1 1856: Sergei Winogradsky was a noted Russian scientist  who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept. September 2 1850: Woldemar Voigt was a noted German physicist  who developed the Voigt transformation in mathematical physics.1853: Wilhelm Ostwald was a German physical chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1909.1877: Frederick Soddy was a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize  for his work on radioactivity due to the transmutation of elements.1936: Andrew Grove was an American computer chip manufacturer. September 3 1875: Ferdinand Porsche was a German car inventor who designed the Porsche and Volkswagen cars.1905: Carl David Anderson was an American physicist who won the 1936 Nobel Prize  for  Physics for his discovery of  positron.1938: Ryoji Noyori was Japanese chemist and a Nobel Prize winner  in 2001 for the study of chirally catalyzed hydrogenations. September 4 1848:  Lewis H. Latimer  was an American inventor who drafted the patent drawings for Alexander Graham Bells application for the telephone, worked for Thomas Edison, and invented an electric lamp.1904:  Julian Hill  was a noted chemist who helped develop nylon.1913: Stanford Moore was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1977.1934: Clive Granger was a Welsh economist and Nobel Prize  winner  for his contributions to non-linear time series. September 5 1787: Franà §ois Sulpice Beudant was a French geologist who studied crystallization. September 6 1732: Johan Wilcke was a noted Swedish physicist.1766: John Dalton was a British physicist who developed the atomic theory of matter.1876: John Macleod was a Canadian physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1923.1892: Edward V. Appleton was a noted British physicist who pioneered  radiophysics.1939: Susumu Tonegawa is a Japanese molecular biologist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1987 for his discovery of the genetic mechanism that produces antibody diversity.1943: Richard Roberts was a British biochemist who won a Nobel Prize. September 7 1737:  Luigi Galvani  was a noted Italian physicist who made studies of the anatomy.1829: August Kekule von Stradonitz discovered the benzene ring.1836: August Toepler was a noted German physicist who experimented with electrostatics.1914: James Van Allen was an American physicist who discovered the Van Allen radiation belts.1917: John Cornforth was an Australian chemist who won the Nobel Prize. September 8 1888: Louis Zimmer was a famous Flemish  clockmaker.1918: Derek Barton was a British chemist who won a Nobel Prize in 1969. September 9 1941: Dennis Ritchie was a noted American computer scientist who created the  C programming language and the Unix operating system. September 10 1624: Thomas Sydenham was a noted English physician.1892: Arthur Compton was a noted American physicist  who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect of electromagnetic radiation.1898:  Waldo Semon  was an American inventor who invented vinyl.1941:  Gunpei Yokoi  is a Japanese inventor and video game designer for  Nintendo. September  11 1798: Franz Ernst Neumann was a noted German professor of mineralogy and physics who was an early researcher of optics.1816:  Carl Zeiss  was a German scientist and optician known for the lens manufacturing company he founded called Carl Zeiss.1877: Feliks Dzjerzjinski was the Lithuanian founder of the KGB.1894: Carl Shipp Marvel was an American polymer chemist who worked with temperature-resistant polymers called polybenzimidazoles. Marvel won the first ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry in 1964, the Priestley Medal in 1956, and the Perkin Medal in 1965. September 12 1818:  Richard Gatling  was the American inventor of a hand-cranked machine gun.1897: Irene Joliot-Curie was the daughter of Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the synthesis of new radioactive elements. September 13 1755:  Oliver Evans  invented a high-pressure steam engine.1857:  Milton S. Hershey  was a famous chocolate manufacturer who started the Hershey candy company.1886: Sir Robert Robinson won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his researches in organic chemistry, and he also worked for the Shell Chemical Company.1887: Leopold Ruzicka won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his studies of natural substances, and he invented many of the scents for various perfumes. September 14 1698: Charles Francois de Cisternay DuFay was a French chemist who studied the force of repulsion, noting that most things could be electrified just by rubbing  them  and that materials conduct better when wet.1849: Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for Pavlovian responses; he won the Nobel Prize in 1904.1887: Karl Taylor Compton was an American physicist and atomic bomb scientist. September 15 1852:  Jan Matzeliger  invented the shoe-lacing  machine.1929: Murray Gell-Mann was the first physicist to predict quarks. September 16 1893: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi was a Hungarian physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1937 for discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. September 17 1857: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a pioneer in  rocket and space research.1882: Anton H. Blaauw was a Dutch botanist who wrote The Perception of Light. September 18 1907: Edwin M. McMillian won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951 for discovering plutonium. He also had the idea for phase stability, which led to the development of the  synchrotron  and synchro-cyclotron. September 19 1902: James Van Alen invented the Simplified Scoring System for tennis. September 20 1842: James Dewar was a British chemist and physicist who invented the Dewar flask or thermos (1892) and co-invented a smokeless gunpowder called cordite (1889). September 21 1832: Louis Paul Cailletet was the French physicist and inventor who was the first to liquefy oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and air. September 22 1791:  Michael Faraday  was a British physicist and chemist who is best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and the laws of electrolysis. His biggest breakthrough in electricity was his invention of the electric motor. September 23 1915:  John Sheehan  invented a method for the synthesis of penicillin. September 24 1870:  Georges Claude  was the French inventor of neon light. September 25 1725:  Nicolas Joseph Cugnot  invented the first automobile.1832: William Le Baron Jenney was the American architect considered the father of the skyscraper.1866: Thomas H. Morgan won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1933 for  discoveries  that defined  the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.   September 26 1754: Joseph Louis Proust was a French chemist best known  for his research work on the steadiness of composition of chemical compounds.1886: Archibald B. Hill was an English physiologist and pioneer of biophysics and operations research who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his elucidation of the production of heat and mechanical work in muscles. September 27 1913: Albert Ellis was an American psychologist who invented rational emotive behavior therapy.1925: Patrick Steptoe was the scientist who perfected in vitro fertilization. September 28 1852: Henri Moissan won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1906.1925: Seymour Cray was the inventor of the Cray I  supercomputer. September 29 1925: Paul MacCready was an American engineer who created the first human-powered flying machines and the first solar-powered aircraft to make sustained flights.   September 30 1802: Antoine J.  Ballard  was a French chemist who discovered bromine.1939: Jean-Marie P. Lehn is a French chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 for synthesizing cryptands.1943: Johann Deisenhofer is a biochemist who won the Nobel Prize  for  Chemistry in 1988 for determining the first crystal structure of a membrane protein.

Amnesia and Natural Memory Loss - 1501 Words

Amnesia What is it? Amnesia and natural memory loss is two different things, natural memory loss can start at the age of forty-five but amnesia can happen at any age. There are five different types of main Amnesia that can cause different type of memory loss. †¢ Anterograde Amnesia †¢ Retrograde Amnesia †¢ Dissociative Amnesia †¢ Infantile Amnesia †¢ Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) (Theguardian), (medindia), (Curiosity) Anterograde Amnesia This type of Amnesia a person has brain trauma that has affected the hippocampus, the fornix which is located inside and continuing on the outside of both sides of the hippocampus or the mammillary bodies which are connected by a nerve path to the fornix. It can also temporarily be drug-induced, by alcohol intoxication, brain surgery, heart attack, concussion, shock and even an emotional disorder. This type of Amnesia affects the patient by not being able to store memories caused after the Amnesia for more than a few minutes. For example the patient is unable to remember the name of a person that he or she encountered 5 minutes ago. (healthline), (medindia), (wisegeek), (Human) Retrograde Amnesia This form of Amnesia is the most common type found in patients. It can be caused by brain disease or a brain injury. It affects the patient by losing all or some part of past memories. Newer memories are lost first because the neural path to them is weaker because they haven’t been called onShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of The Memory Loss1246 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Amnesia is a mental illness that refers to memory loss. The cause for the memory loss can be due to several factors. The memory loss could be due to emotionally disturbing events; memory loss can also be cause of physical harm usually to the cephalic region. The disease also interrupts the normal everyday functioning of a person suffering amnesia. An individual may still be able to carry out certain activities despite the amnesia. 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However with memory comes the natural phenomenon of forgetting which refers to the inability to regain, recall or recognise information that was, or still is, stored in long-term memory. There are many reasons that we forget information but these can be grouped into four main categories; retrieval failure, interference, failure to store andRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder Essay632 Words   |  3 Pagesexperiences some amount of amnesia. Most of the time the individual forgets what each personality has done or said. People often act and feel differently in various settings. For example, teenagers may act differently at a party than they do at school. However, people in good mental health maintain constant awareness of themselves no matter what the situation. Individuals with dissociative identity disorder do not. They experience sudden changes in consciousness, identity, and memory. 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Outline for Adhd Free Essays

I. What is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- a common behavior disorder that affects one in 15-20 school-age children. Boys are three times more likely to be diagnosed with it than girls, but there is no clear reason yet why more boys than girls are diagnosed with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline for Adhd or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is broken down into three subtypes: an inattentive type, with signs that include: * inability to pay attention to details or a tendency to make careless errors in schoolwork or other activities * difficulty with sustained attention in tasks or play activities * apparent listening problems * difficulty following instructions * problems with organization avoidance or dislike of tasks that require mental effort * tendency to lose things like toys, notebooks, or homework * distractibility * forgetfulness in daily activities 2. a hyperactive-impulsive type, with signs that include: * fidgeting or squirming * difficulty remaining seated * excessive running or climbing * difficulty playing quietly * always seeming to be â€Å"on the go† * excessive talking * blurting out answers before hearing the full question * difficulty waiting for a turn or in line * problems with interrupting or intruding 3. a combined type, which involves a combination of the other two types and is the mos t common A. Symptoms: impulsive, hyperactive, short attention span, trouble focusing, symptoms are present over a long period of time and occur in different settings, problems finishing tasks, disorganized, trouble following directions, easily distracted, appear forgetful or careless and frequently misplace things. 1. Explain similarities/differences of ADD and ADHD: Similarities: attention span is short, trouble controlling their behavior without medication and behavioral therapy, appear bored. Differences: ADD- attention deficit without hyperactivity and impulsiveness. ADHD- includes hyperactivity and impulsiveness. . ex of characteristics in boys: hyperactive/impulsive behavior, rough behavior b. ex of characteristics in girls: inattentive, forgetful, hyper-talkative, emotional hyper-reactive c. why it is harder to spot ADD/ADHD in girls than boys: girls are harder to spot because the criteria for spotting ADHD includes external behavioral characteristics such as aggression, defiance, and other behavioral management problems, which are more common in boys than in girls. Girls with ADHD tend to be shy, socially isolate themselves, driven or anxious, or over-focused on their studies B. How is ADHD diagnosed? There is no test that can determine whether a child has ADHD or not, just a complete evaluation. A primary care physician or the family pediatrician usually prescribes medication in the lowest dose form and does medication checks every month to see if the current dose is helping or if an increase is needed. Most of the time if there is no change at the current dose being taken, the physician increases the dose each month until adverse side effects start to be seen in the child, than a decrease in dosage happens until changes for the benefit of the child are noticed by the parent and the teachers. If there is any doubt a referral to a child psychologist or psychiatrist may be needed for further evaluation. To be considered for a diagnosis of ADHD: * a child must display behaviors from one of the three subtypes before age 7 * these behaviors must be more severe than in other kids the same age * the behaviors must last for at least 6 months * the behaviors must occur in and negatively affect at least two areas of a child’s life (such as school, home, day-care settings, or friendships). The physician does a complete physical exam to rule out any other medical problems. 1. Adult Observations: Parents are asked to fill out a behavioral evaluation form that contains different behaviors in different settings and the strengths and weaknesses of their child. If there is a day-care provider, teacher, or any other family member or friend who spends time with the child evaluations are sent to them. The physician looks over all the completed evaluation, and then talks it over with an approved child psychologist with the permission of the parent, and then the physician, psychologist, parent and child all come together and talk about possible treatment options. a. Teachers – even HS teachers need to be aware of it nd/or learn how to spot it in high-schoolers and even other ages of children. ADHD can go undiagnosed for years. Some kids outgrow it others struggle with it even into high-school and through adulthood. b. Medical Examination II. What causes ADHD? It has biological origins that aren’t quite understood. There isn’t a single cause but researches are looking at a combination of factors such as genetics, environmental, chemical imbalances in the brain. II. How is ADHD treated? Can’t be cured but can be successfully managed. III. Stimulants are the best-known treatments — they’ve been used for more than 50 years in the treatment of ADHD. Some require several doses per day, each lasting about 4 hours; some last up to 12 hours. Possible side effects include decreased appetite, stomachache, irritability, and insomnia. There’s currently no evidence of long-term side effects. IV. Nonstimulants were approved for treating ADHD in 2003. These appear to have fewer side effects than stimulants and can last up to 24 hours. V. Antidepressants are sometimes a treatment option; however, in 2004 the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning that these drugs may lead to a rare increased risk of suicide in children and teens. If an antidepressant is recommended for your child, be sure to discuss these risks with your doctor. Medications can affect kids differently, and a child may respond well to one but not another. When determining the correct treatment, the doctor might try various medications in various doses, especially if your child is being treated for ADHD along with another disorder. A. Medication 1. Medication can be very beneficial a. All kids should have the option of being treated because it can significantly help their ability to focus/concentrate and reach their full potential B. Types of Medication 1. Stimulants a. benefits b. negative aspects . Non Stim/Herbal Remedies a. benefits b. negative aspects 3. Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral Therapy Research has shown that medications used to help curb impulsive behavior and attention difficulties are more effective when combined with behavioral therapy. Behavioral therapy attempts to change behavior patterns by: * reorganizing a child’s h ome and school environment * giving clear directions and commands * setting up a system of consistent rewards for appropriate behaviors and negative consequences for inappropriate ones Here are examples of behavioral strategies that may help a child with ADHD: * Create a routine. Try to follow the same schedule every day, from wake-up time to bedtime. Post the schedule in a prominent place, so your child can see what’s expected throughout the day and when it’s time for homework, play, and chores. * Get organized. Put schoolbags, clothing, and toys in the same place every day so your child will be less likely to lose them. * Avoid distractions. Turn off the TV, radio, and computer games, especially when your child is doing homework. * Limit choices. Offer a choice between two things (this outfit, meal, toy, etc. , or that one) so that your child isn’t overwhelmed and overstimulated. Change your interactions with your child. Instead of long-winded explanations and cajoling, use clear, brief directions to remind your child of responsibilities. * Use goals and rewards. Use a chart to list goals and track positive behaviors, then reward your child’s efforts. Be sure the goals are realistic (think baby steps rather than overnight success ). * Discipline effectively. Instead of yelling or spanking, use timeouts or removal of privileges as consequences for inappropriate behavior. Younger kids may simply need to be distracted or ignored until they display better behavior. * Help your child discover a talent. All kids need to experience success to feel good about themselves. Finding out what your child does well — whether it’s sports, art, or music — can boost social skills and self-esteem. a. benefits b. negative aspects Alternative Treatments Currently, the only ADHD therapies that have been proven effective in scientific studies are medications and behavioral therapy. But your doctor may recommend additional treatments and interventions depending on your child’s symptoms and needs. Some kids with ADHD, for example, may also need special educational interventions such as tutoring, occupational therapy, etc. Every child’s needs are different. A number of other alternative therapies are promoted and tried by parents including: megavitamins, body treatments, diet manipulation, allergy treatment, chiropractic treatment, attention training, visual training, and traditional one-on-one â€Å"talking† psychotherapy. However, scientific research has not found them to be effective, and most have not been studied carefully, if at all. Parents should always be wary of any therapy that promises an ADHD â€Å"cure. † If you’re interested in trying something new, speak with your doctor first. Parent Training Parenting a child with ADHD often brings special challenges. Kids with ADHD may not respond well to typical parenting practices. Also, because ADHD tends to run in families, parents may also have some problems with organization and consistency themselves and need active coaching to help learn these skills. Experts recommend parent education and support groups to help family members accept the diagnosis and to teach them how to help kids organize their environment, develop problem-solving skills, and cope with frustrations. Training can also teach parents to respond appropriately to a child’s most trying behaviors with calm disciplining techniques. Individual or family counseling can also be helpful. ADHD in the Classroom As your child’s most important advocate, you should become familiar with your child’s medical, legal, and educational rights. Kids with ADHD are eligible for special services or accommodations at school under the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) and an anti-discrimination law known as Section 504. Keep in touch with teachers and school officials to monitor your child’s progress. In addition to using routines and a clear system of rewards, here are some other tips to share with teachers for classroom success: * Reduce seating distractions. Lessening distractions might be as simple as seating your child near the teacher instead of near the window. * Use a homework folder for parent-teacher communications. The teacher can include assignments and progress notes, and you can check to make sure all work is completed on time. * Break down assignments. Keep instructions clear and brief, breaking down larger tasks into smaller, more manageable pieces. * Give positive reinforcement. Always be on the lookout for positive behaviors. Ask the teacher to offer praise when your child stays seated, doesn’t call out, or waits his or her turn instead of criticizing when he or she doesn’t. Teach good study skills. Underlining, note taking, and reading out loud can help your child stay focused and retain information. * Supervise. Check that your child goes and comes from school with the correct books and materials. Sometimes kids are paired with a buddy to can help them stay on track. * Be sensitive to self-esteem issues. As k the teacher to provide feedback to your child in private, and avoid asking your child to perform a task in public that might be too difficult. * Involve the school counselor or psychologist. He or she can help design behavioral programs to address specific problems in the classroom. Helping Your Child You’re a stronger advocate for your child when you foster good partnerships with everyone involved in your child’s treatment — that includes teachers, doctors, therapists, and even other family members. Take advantage of all the support and education that’s available, and you’ll help your child navigate toward success. Reviewed by: Richard S. Kingsley, MD Date reviewed: September 2008 Originally reviewed by: W. Douglas Tynan, PhD Back How to cite Outline for Adhd, Papers

Developing International Business Plan for Management Perspectives

Question: Discuss about theDeveloping International Business Plan for Management Perspectives. Answer: Financial projections of the new business: No. Worksheet for the Proposed Company a The money needed for the commencing the project is $ 183,000.00, which is needed for conducting certain expenses such as Cost incurred in market research, Equipment Purchased, Website Development, Advertising, Legal expenses, Other expenses, Furniture and Fitting. b The overall capital needed for commencing the project is financed by the partners, as there are no loans obtained for starting the proposed project. c The funds need to be financed by bank loans and seed investors for commencing the project. d The fund will be needed before the start of the project, as relevant expenses needs to be conducted by the company. e The borrowing will be rapid after the completion of fifth year, as the actual income and profits from the project is collected, which reduces the preserve on delivering the loan amount. f 40% of the venture could be sold for obtaining the required level of funds for the project. g The exit route will only be open after the commencement of third year of the project, where the investor could take the money from business. h Equipments, Furniture, and Fitting can be used as the collateral for the lease of loan i No there will be no grants or loans to help finance the business j There is not further private cash that is available to invest in the business k The key risk that might adversely affect projections of the project is the volatility from external forces and economic condition. l The reduction in cost structure and improvement in selling price could be used to minimise the negative impact from these risks Listing the key assumptions that underpin the projections for the business: The key assumptions that underpin the projection of the business is sales value, sales volume, expected sales increment, variable cost, and fixed cost. The major product sold by the proposed company is Tinhorn Creek Vineyards Kerner Icewine Oldfield Series, which is priced at the levels of $29.99. Moreover, the second product Reif Estate Riesling Icewine is priced at $29.95, which relatively summarizes the overall assumptions of sales value for the new proposed project. Though, the sales volume is also assumed in the projection, where estimated number of customers new the location, online customers and tourist are estimated to detect the sales volume. The relevant estimation for increment in sales volume is also conducted where the volume will rise by 5 % each month in year 1 and 2.5% in each month in year 2 and 5% each quarter in year 3 to year 5. However, the estimation is also conducted where no increment in sales prices is observed for the project. The relevant costing estimation is conducted for you project, where variable cost for the first year is 55% of the actual sales, while from 2nd year onwards its 50% of the actual sales. Moreover, the fixed cost estimated for the project is at the levels of $80,000 for years 1 and 2, while from year 3 to 5 the fixed cost will be $125,000. The overall estimation is mainly conducted to detect the actual revenues which could be generated by the project. Listing five factors that could adversely affect sales projections: The five factors that could adversely affect sales projects of the project is current global conditions, current industry conditions, rate of inflation, marketing efforts, and past economic performance. The identified factors might affect the sales projections and reduce viability of the investment scope from the project. The factors such as inflation and current global conditions might directly affect the actual financial performance. Armstrong et al., (2015) stated that inflation plays a viable role in identifying the financial viability of an investment, as it detects the time value of future cash projects conducted from investment. Listing five factors that could adversely affect cost and expenses projection: Labour wages, raw material cost, industrial production process, and inflation is identified, as the factors, which might affect cost and expenses projection of the project. In addition, the factors might directly affect cost projection of the project, which might hamper project projection of the new project. Moreover, the factors could adversely affect the projections prepared for the project and reduce viability of the investment scope. On the other hand, Bullough et al., (2015) mentioned that without the projection of accurate cost and expenses incurred in a project, the company could not approve its commencement. Under which of the circumstances would be the plan become unviable: The plans will only be unviable under circumstance such as increment in inflation rate, economic conditions, sales projections, and cost projections of the company. Under these circumstances the project viability will relatively reduce and hamper ability to generate adequate returns from investment. In addition, under the above circumstance plan will become unviable for the company, which might hamper the actual financial performance of the project. Increment in cost could also hamper the actual financial performance of the company, while reduction in sales volume might decline the actual revenue that might generate from the project (Burns, 2016). Detecting the measures that could be used in mitigating the risk: The use of zero based budgeting system could be conducted for reducing the negative impact of above identified circumstances. The measure could help in reducing the level of risk such as cost increment in the production functions. This use of zero based budgeting system might help in detecting the cost incurred in each process and understand the actual production cost incurred in the production system. Relevant omission can be conducted on certain activities that does not contribute to the revenue generation capability of the company. This might help in overcoming the circumstance and mitigating the risk involved in operations. The risk involved in declining demand can be supported by improving the level of customer reach by the company. The use of adequate marketing measure could eventually help in improving the level of sales, which might reduce due to the negative impact of the circumstances (Cramer, 2017). Reference and Bibliography: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bullough, A., De Luque, M. S., Abdelzaher, D., Heim, W. (2015). Developing women leaders through entrepreneurship education and training.The Academy of Management Perspectives,29(2), 250-270. Burns, P. (2016).Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. Cramer, J. (2017).Corporate Social Responsibility and Globalisation: an action plan for business. Routledge. Neelankavil, J. P. (2015).International business research. Routledge. Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited.